Knowledge at Wharton

For Microsoft 2006 was a year of new product introductions: the Windows Vista operating system a new version of Office and the Zune music player to name a few. For Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer -- who spoke at Wharton recently as part of the school’s Leadership Lecture series -- these new products serve as a reminder of his goals: Convince customers that Microsoft’s latest products are ground-breaking transform a company with $44 billion in sales into an agile innovator compete against new business models and recruit enough talent to keep the software giant relevant 25 years from now.

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Rodrigo Jordan a management professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile is a world-class mountaineer. He has led written about and filmed Chilean expeditions to Mount Everest K2 and Antarctica and has drawn on these experiences to found Vertical S.A. a company that uses outdoor education to teach leadership and teamwork. Jordan was recently named chair of Chile’s National Poverty Foundation a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to social development. Knowledge at Wharton offers an edited version of an interview with Jordan on leadership tackling poverty and his recent climb up Lhotse the world’s fourth-highest summit.

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Alexandra Robbins’ study of contemporary American high school culture entitled The Overachievers: The Secret Lives of Driven Kids is based on a visit to the high school she attended more than a decade ago and which she says has now changed for the worse. These days Whitman High School in Bethesda Md. promotes a ”competitive frenzy” that the author argues has taken root in high schools across the country and has led to overstressed over-scheduled teenagers growing up in a culture that is excessively focused on achievement.

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For many the 2008 Beijing Olympics are seen as a ”coming-out” party for the world’s most populous nation. China is investing billions of dollars in sports venues such as the Bird’s Nest in Beijing the modernist national stadium currently under construction; subway-line extensions and other infrastructure improvements to make the games a world-class spectacle. But some wonder whether air pollution will crash China’s Olympic party and focus world attention on deepening environmental problems that threaten the country’s economic growth.

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Try applying traditional metrics like cost and return on investment to find the value of diversity and you are likely to come up empty handed according to a panel of African-American executives at Wharton’s 33rd Annual Whitney M. Young Memorial Conference. Still they noted diversity has a growing importance in the workplace and minority workers need to focus on their own development in such critical areas as mentoring and balancing corporate identity with activism.

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Marketers have long used all sorts of demographic and geographic data to target potential customers -- age sex education level income zip code. But there’s another variable that companies may want to consider: Who is connected to whom?  A study co-authored by Wharton professor of operations and information management Shawndra Hill found that consumers are far more apt to buy a company’s product if they are ”network neighbors” with existing customers.

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Your mother probably told you that it pays to be nice but that may not necessarily be true when it comes to corporate philanthropy. Wharton finance professor Vinay B. Nair and Columbia University’s Raymond Fisman and Geoffrey Heal looked at whether being charitable -- such as donating money to medical research or to organizations that promote economic self-sufficiency -- helps a company’s financial picture. The answer: It all depends on the type of industry.

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With private equity investors of all types flush with cash -- from venture capitalists and hedge funds to large leveraged buyout (LBO) firms such as The Blackstone Group and The Carlyle Group -- private financing hit record levels in 2006 and is likely to remain strong in the new year according to Wharton faculty and industry analysts. Nearly a third of the dollar value of all U.S. acquisitions last year involved private equity firms up from 3% five years ago. But just how long can this boom continue and what changes may be in store for private equity models?

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”Black Friday” -- the day after Thanksgiving that signals the start of the holiday shopping season in the U.S. -- was particularly charged this year marked by midnight store openings and brawls over scarce sale items. Despite the hoopla retailers are expected to post only modest gains this month according to Wharton faculty and retail analysts. A key problem they note is that shoppers continue to procrastinate on holiday purchases despite highly visible early-season marketing promotions. The one area where sales are moving at a brisk pace: online retail.

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Fortune 500 companies claim to be ”entrepreneurial ” as do charities and government agencies. Members of many Washington think tanks dub themselves ”policy entrepreneurs.” Even children who mow lawns and run lemonade stands get the ”entrepreneur” label. But as the term has come into wide use its meaning has gradually eroded leaving open the question of who entrepreneurs really are and what distinguishes their ventures from conventional ones. The recent 2006 Wharton Entrepreneurship Conference invited a group of well entrepreneurs to debate the issue.

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