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★Rules for Changing dictionary-form to nai-form★

For this section you will learn how to change dictionary-form (Plain Present Affirmation) to nai-form (Plain Present Negative).

The following are the rules for the 3 groups of Japanese verbs.

Group 1 Verbs

To change group 1 verbs from dictionary-form to nai-form, change the u-sound to a-sound in the last word. After that append ない (nai) to the changed words and you will get the nai-form of the verb.

For example, this group 1 Japanese verb かく (kaku) ends up with く (ku). If you change the u-sound to a-sound, く (ku) becomes か (ka). Adding ない (nai) at the end, you will get かかない (kakanai).

Exception:

まちますmachimasuまたない matanai

はなしますhanashimasu はなさないhanasanai

かいますkaimasu かわないkawanai

Group 2 Verbs

Group 2 verbs are much simpler. You just need to change る (ru) to ない (nai) and you will get the nai-form Japanese verbs.

Group 3 Verbs

Group 3 verbs are irregular verbs. You just need to memorize them. The nai-form of くる (kuru) is こない (konai) and the nai-form of する (suru) is しない (shinai).

In summary, the following diagram shows the rules when changing dictionary-form to nai-form for Japanese verbs.

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Long hours, unpaid overtime, traditional working culture and hierarchical structures – these are some of the things that often come to mind when people think about working in Japan.

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★て-form＋から★

から (kara) can be attached to the te-form of a verb in Japanese, becoming ~てから (~te kara).  This is similar to “after doing (verb)…”

しゅくだいをしてからテレビをみました。

shukudai o shite kara terebi o mimashita.

(After doing my homework, I watched TV.)

ごはんをたべてからいえにかえりました。

gohan o tabete kara ie ni kaermashita.

(After eating, return home.)

うちにかえってからケーキをたべましょう

uchi ni kaette kara keeki o tabemashou

Let’s eat the cake as soon as we get back home!

くにへかえってから、だいがくにいきます。

Kuni e kaette kara, daigaku ni ikimasu.

I will go to a university after returning to my country.

えいがをみてから、ともだちにあいます。

Eiga o mite kara, tomodachi ni aimasu.

I will meet my friend after I watch a movie

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★て-form、★

The te-form allows you to combine two verbs or more and express sequence of actions or states.　You can　consider the te-form in this context as “and” or “then.”

日曜日は友達に会って、映画を見て、レストランでビールを飲みました。

nichiyōbi wa tomodachi ni atte, eiga o mite, resutoran de bi-ru o nomimashita.

On Sunday I met my friends, watched a movie and drank beer at a restaurant.

明日は日本語の勉強をして、学校でバレーボールをします。

ashita wa nihongo no benkyō o shite, gakkō de bare-bo-ru o shimasu.

Tomorrow I will study Japanese and play volleyball at school.

You can also conjugate i-adjectives and nouns into the te-form and combine them. Regarding the conjugation, you just add で after nouns and na-adjectives. Combinations between adjectives or nouns and verbs are applicable as the third example shows.

彼女は頭がよくて、可愛いです。

kanojo wa atama ga yokute, kawaii desu.

She is smart and cute.

彼はハンサムで親切です。

kare wa hansamu de shinsetsu desu.

He is handsome and kind.

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Kansai is the region in the southern center of the mainland (Honshuu) of Japan that includes prefectures; Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Shiga and Wakayama Prefecture. The area is also called Kinki region, but when we talk about their dialect, we only say 関西弁（かんさいべん／Kansai Dialect）instead of Kinki dialect.

In this episode I had my friend Shin-chan to talk about Kansai ben! 

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★て-form + います(te form+imasu)★

You can use the same conjugations when expressing repeated actions or resultant states with て-form + います(te form+imasu). These verbs describe an activity which happens in an instant, as opposed to "for a duration of time". Inevitably, it means, the action causes a chaますnge in the status of someone, something or the situation after it. We will cal these verbs ecpressing actions for change.

私は日本語学校に行っています。

Watashi wa nihongo gakkō ni itteimasu.

I go to a Japanese language school.

私は日本語学校に行っていました。

Watashi wa nihongo gakkō ni itteimashita.

I went to a Japanese language school.

私は日本語学校に行っていません。

Watashi wa nihongo gakkō ni itteimasen.

I don’t go to a Japanese language school.

私は日本語学校に行っていませんでした。

Watashi wa nihongo gakkō ni itteimasendeshita.

I didn’t go to a Japanese language school.

田中さんは結婚しています。

Tanaka san wa kekkon shiteimasu.

Mr. Tanaka is married.

田中さんは結婚していました。

Tanaka san wa kekkon shiteimashita.

Mr. Tanaka was married.

田中さんは結婚していません。

Tanaka san wa kekkon shiteimasen.

Mr. Tanaka is not married.

田中さんは結婚していませんでした。

Tanaka san wa kekkon shiteimasendeshita.

Mr. Tanaka was not married.

毎日日本語を勉強しています。

Mainichi nihongo o benkyou shiteimasu.

I study Japanese everyday.

私は友達と学校に行っています。

Watashi wa tomodachi to gakkou ni itteimasu.

I go to school with my friend.

私は日本に住んでいます。

Watashi wa nihon ni sundeimasu.

I live in Japan.

あの店で切手を売っています。

Ano mise de kitte o utteimasu.

They sell stamps in that shop.

私はあの人を知っています。

Watashi wa ano hito o shitteimasu.

I know that person.

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★Polite Form: (te-form verb) + もいいですか(mo ii desu ka)★

Meaning: You can do… ; You may do

もいいですか (mo ii desu ka) is a polite way to ask permission.  It should always come after the te-form of a verb.  It is very similar to “Can I” or “May I” in English.  

テレビをみてもいいですか

Telebi wo mite mo ii desu ka

(Can I watch television?)

このほんをよんでもいいですか

kono hon o yonde mo ii desu ka

(Can I read this book?)

チョコレートを食べてもいいですか

chokoreeto o tabete mo ii desu ka

(Can I eat these chocolates?)

はい。チョコレートをたべてもいいです。

Hai.  chokoreeto o tabete mo iidesu.

Yes.  You may eat the chocolates.

いいえ。チョコレートをたべてはいけません。

Iie.  chokoreeto o tabete wa ikemasen.

No.  You may not eat the chocolates.

このケーキをたべてもいいですか

kono keeki o tabete mo ii desu ka

(Can I eat this cake?)

みずをもらってもいいですか

mizu o moratte mo ii desu ka

(May I have some water?)

はいってもいいですか

Haitte mo ii desuka

(Can I come in?)

このほん、かりてもいい

Kono hon, karite mo ii

(Can I borrow this book?)

まどをあけてもいいですか

Mado o akete mo ii desu ka

(May I open the window?)

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The te-form of action verb + "imasu (iru)"

If the verb indicates an action that can continue once started "to be -ing", such as "tabemasu" or "hanashimasu", it has the meaning above.  Thus, "tabeteiru"=I am eating.   

Other verbs of this kind are "nomimasu, arukimasu, hashirimasu, utaimasu, oyogimasu, kakimasu, mimasu, tsukaimasu, tsukurimasu, yasumimasu, benkyoushimasu, aimasu".

Drink coffee – Ko-hi- o nomimasu

Drinking coffee – Ko-hi- o nonde imasu

Drank coffee – Ko-hi- o nomimashita

I am writing a letter to friend – Tomodachi ni tegami o (kaku)kaite imasu

I am not writing postcard to friend – Tomodachi ni hagaki wa kaite imasen

I am singing oddies – Mukashi no uta o (utau)utatte imasu

I am not singing new song – Atarashii uta wa utatte imasen

Q : What are you doing? – Nani o (suru)shite imasu ka?

A : Swimming at the pool – Pu-ru de (oyogu)oyoide imasu

The te-form of verb + "iru/ imasu"

1. A continuing action at a certain point in time (E.g. I am studying Japanese now.)

2. A state or condition that was created by a previous action or event and that is still maintained at a certain point in time. (E.g. I have been studied (or studying) Japanese for two years.)

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ください (kudasai) is a way to request a favor in Japanese.  It is similar to “Please” in English.  When we use ください (kudasai), it is placed after the te-form of the verb.  It can also can also come after a noun:

to go -- ikimasu -- itte kudasai (Please go)

to come -- kimasu -- kite kudasai (Please come)

to return -- kaerimasu -- kaette kudasai (Please return)

to eat -- tabemasu -- tabete kudasai (Please eat)

to drink -- nomimasu -- nonde kudasai (Please drink)

to see -- mimasu -- mite kudasai (Please see)

to listen -- kikimasu -- kiite kudasai (Please listen)

to buy -- kaimasu -- katte kudasai (Please buy)

to use -- tukaimasu -- tsukatte kudasai (Please use)

to take -- torimasu -- totte kudasai (Please take)

(te-form of a verb)+てください

(noun)+ をください

このかばんを持もってください。

kono kaban o motte kudasai.

(Please carry this bag.)

もって (motte) is the te-form of the verb もらう (morau), so we should place it before kudasai.

そのかばんをください

sono kaban o kudasai.

(Can I have that bag, please?)

かばん (kaban) is a noun so we just connect it to kudasai with を.

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The ~ te form is an important Japanese verb form to know. It does not indicate tense by itself, however, it combines with other verb forms to create other tenses. Additionally, it has many other unique usages, such as speaking in the present progressive, connecting successive verbs or asking for permission.

い、ち、り、って／i, chi, ri, tte

み、び、に、んで／mi, bi, ni, nde

き、いて／ki, ite

ぎ、いで／gi, ide

し、して／shi, shite

きます/ ki-masu　→　きて/ kite

します/ shi-masu　→　して/ shite

Group 1 : most i-ending verbs (iki-masu, kaki-masu, ai-masu)

Group 2 : all e-ending verbs (tabe-masu, ake-masu, de-masu)

some i-ending verbs (mi-masu, i-masu, kari-masu)

Group 3 : two verbs; shimasu and kimasu (to come)

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