In this episode, Michael Raynor — author of The Strategy Paradox and co-author with Clayton Christensen of The Innovator's Solution — joins Aidan McCullen to explore why most strategies fail and how leaders can fix them.

From the RAP (Resource Allocation Process) model to the real-world case of BCE's diversification journey, Raynor unpacks how strategy is shaped by resource allocation, risk, and CEO intervention. Learn how top leaders can navigate uncertainty, overcome divisional barriers, and unlock strategic synergies.

🔑 What You'll Learn in This Episode

• Why strategies often fail — and the CEO's role in fixing them

• How the RAP model explains real-world decision-making

• Lessons from BCE's diversification journey

• The tension between divisional goals and corporate strategy

• Practical tools for managing risk and strategic integration

⏱️ Episode Guide 00:00 Intro & Kyndryl Overview 00:28 Historical Perspectives on Strategy 00:57 Approaches to Resource Allocation 02:36 Guest Introduction: Michael Raynor 03:13 Academic Journey & Mentors 07:35 The RAP Model Explained 11:32 Challenges in Strategic Decision Making 22:51 BCE's Diversification Story 31:46 Entering Mobile Telephony 32:28 Strategic Synergies & Capital Constraints 33:48 Independent Operations & Market Dynamics 35:19 Challenges of Strategic Integration 36:11 Retail Distribution & Evolutionary Lessons 38:36 Governance Rights & Incentive Structures 48:31 Historical Lessons & Modern Applications 58:20 Concluding Thoughts & Future Directions

🚀 Topics Covered: strategy, resource allocation, RAP model, diversification, BCE, corporate governance, disruptive innovation, CEO decision-making, real options, strategic integration.

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