PedsCrit

Dr. Nicole Glaser is the Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology and a professor of Pediatrics at UC Davis Children's Hospital. She is recognized as an international expert in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), an important complication of diabetes in children. She has led many of the key multi-center studies that guide DKA management. She has also been involved in the development of several national and international guidelines for DKA management in children that guide current practice worldwide.

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to:

• Describe best practices for triaging patients with DKA
• Explain the pathophysiology of acute cerebral edema in DKA
• Describe the evidence and physiologic basis for fluid selection and rate in DKA 
• Describe the evidence supporting insulin infusion rates in pediatric DKA 
• List best practices for lab monitoring in DKA, and how to define when a patient is ready for transition to subcutaneous insulin 

References: 

1. Abramo TJ, Szlam S, Hargrave H, Harris ZL, Williams A, Meredith M, Hedrick M, Hu Z, Nick T, Gonzalez CV. Bihemispheric Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring's Functionality in Suspected Cerebral Edema Diabetic Ketoacidosis With Therapeutic 3% Hyperosmolar Therapy in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022 Feb 1;38(2):e511-e518. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001774. PMID: 30964851.
2. Kuppermann N, Ghetti S, Schunk J, et al. Clinical Trial of Fluid Infusion Rates for Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2275-2287.
3. Glaser N, Barnett P, McCaslin I, et al. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:264-269.
4. Bergmann KR, Abuzzahab MJ, Perepelista V, Udeogu J, Qiu L, Lammers S, Nickel A, Watson D, Kharbanda A. Improving Emergency Department Care for Children With Medium- and High-Risk Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Pediatrics. 2025 Oct 1;156(4):e2024068959. doi: 10.1542/peds.2024-068959. PMID: 40907982.
5. UC-Davis-Health-Magazine-Fall-2019.pdf

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Steven Shein, MD, FCCM, is the Chief of Pediatric Critical Care at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, and holds the Linsalata Family Distinguished Chair in Pediatric Critical Care and Emergency Medicine. He is also the Co-Director of the PICU Clinical, Basic & Translational Research Program and an Associate Director of the Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship program. His research focuses on critical bronchiolitis and long-term neuro-cognitive morbidity after critical illness. 

Jatinder Dhami, MD, is a Pediatric Intensivist at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. She completed her pediatrics residency at Penn State in Hershey, PA, and her PICU fellowship at Riley Children's Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana. She is interested in clinical ethics in pediatric critical illness.

Learning Objective:

By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to discuss an evidence-based and expert-guided approach to managing critical bronchiolitis.

References:

Managing Critical Bronchiolitis David G. Speicher, MD; and Steven L. Shein, MD, FCCM

Zurca et al. Management of Critical Bronchiolitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2023

Plint et al. Epinephrine and dexamethasone in children with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2009.

Schramm et al. Clinical Examination Does Not Predict Response to Albuterol in Ventilated Infants With Bronchiolitis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017

Shein at al. Antibiotic Prescription in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Respiratory Failure and Associated Outcomes. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019.

Gelbart et al. Pragmatic Randomized Trial of Corticosteroids and Inhaled Epinephrine for Bronchiolitis in Children in Intensive Care. J Pediatr. 2022.

Shein et al. Derivation and Validation of an Objective Effort of Breathing Score in Critically Ill Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019.

Shein SL, Rotta AT. Long-term Neurocognitive Morbidity After a Single Episode of Respiratory Failure in Children. JAMA. 2022.

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this two-part series, listeners should be able to discuss:

1. The physiologic rationale supporting the use of high-frequency percussive ventilation (Volumetric Diffusive Respiration, or HFPV).
2. Patient populations most likely to benefit from HFPV.
3. Key published evidence that informs our use of HFPV in pediatric critical care.
4. An expert approach to managing a patient with HFPV.
5. Next steps in research that will direct our understanding of the use of HFPV in pediatric critical care.

About our Guest: 

Dr. John Lin is a Professor of Pediatrics at Washington University in St. Louis. He serves as the Critical Care Fellowship Program Director and Medical Director of Respiratory Care at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. His academic interests are aimed at the implementation of specific task-based processes and systems-based interventions that increase team performance. 

References:

1. Butler AD, Dominick CL, Yehya N. High frequency percussive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Feb;56(2):502-508. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25191. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33258557; PMCID: PMC7902396.
2. Linda Melchor. (2021, July 22). High-Frequency Percussive Ventilation – Using the VDR, or HFPV-4. Criticalcarenow.Com.
3. Salim, A., & Martin, M. (2005). High-frequency percussive ventilation. Critical Care Medicine, 33(Supplement), S241–S245. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000155921.32083.CE
4. Dominick, C., Nickel, A. J., & Yehya, N. (2022). High Frequency Percussive Ventilation in Viral Bronchiolitis: Do We Need a Standardized Approach to HFPV Management? Https://Home.Liebertpub.Com/Rcare, 67(7), 893–894. https://doi.org/10.4187/RESPCARE.10247
5. White, B. R., Cadotte, N., McClellan, E. B., Presson, A. P., Bennett, E., Smith, A. G., & Aljabari, S. (2022). High-Frequency Percussive Ventilation in Viral Bronchiolitis. Respiratory Care, 67(7), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.09350

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this two-part series, listeners should be able to discuss:

1. The physiologic rationale supporting the use of high-frequency percussive ventilation (Volumetric Diffusive Respiration, or HFPV).
2. Patient populations most likely to benefit from HFPV.
3. Key published evidence that informs our use of HFPV in pediatric critical care.
4. An expert approach to managing a patient with HFPV.
5. Next steps in research that will direct our understanding of the use of HFPV in pediatric critical care.

About our Guest: 

Dr. John Lin is a Professor of Pediatrics at Washington University in St. Louis. He serves as the Critical Care Fellowship Program Director and Medical Director of Respiratory Care at St. Louis Children’s Hospital. His academic interests are aimed at the implementation of specific task-based processes and systems-based interventions that increase team performance. 

References:

1. Butler AD, Dominick CL, Yehya N. High frequency percussive ventilation in pediatric acute respiratory failure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Feb;56(2):502-508. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25191. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33258557; PMCID: PMC7902396.
2. Linda Melchor. (2021, July 22). High-Frequency Percussive Ventilation – Using the VDR, or HFPV-4. Criticalcarenow.Com.
3. Salim, A., & Martin, M. (2005). High-frequency percussive ventilation. Critical Care Medicine, 33(Supplement), S241–S245. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000155921.32083.CE
4. Dominick, C., Nickel, A. J., & Yehya, N. (2022). High Frequency Percussive Ventilation in Viral Bronchiolitis: Do We Need a Standardized Approach to HFPV Management? Https://Home.Liebertpub.Com/Rcare, 67(7), 893–894. https://doi.org/10.4187/RESPCARE.10247
5. White, B. R., Cadotte, N., McClellan, E. B., Presson, A. P., Bennett, E., Smith, A. G., & Aljabari, S. (2022). High-Frequency Percussive Ventilation in Viral Bronchiolitis. Respiratory Care, 67(7), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.09350

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Audrey Miller, MD, is an Attending Neonatologist at Nationwide Children's Hospital and an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Dr. Miller’s clinical interests focus on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and improving outcomes for patients with this disease. Dr. Miller serves as Medical Director for the inpatient BPD unit at Nationwide Children’s. Dr. Miller also serves as chair for the advocacy committee of the international BPD collaborative.

Nationwide Children's Comprehensive Center for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to:

1. Define BPD and describe the underlying pathophysiology, risk factors and clinical trajectory.
2. Develop a clinical approach to mechanical ventilation in infants with BPD.
3. Describe strategies for mitigating compilations and promoting well-being in infants with severe BPD.

Reference:

Miller AN, Kielt MJ, El-Ferzli GT, Nelin LD, Shepherd EG. Optimizing ventilator support in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the absence of conclusive evidence. Front Pediatr. 2022 Nov 24;10:1022743.

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Guillaume Emeriaud MD PhD is a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Montreal and pediatric intensivist at Sainte Justine Hospital in Montreal, Canada. He is a physician scientist with a particular interest in improving pediatric assisted ventilation. In particular, he has developed expertise in monitoring diaphragmatic function by evaluating the electrical activity of the diaphragm. The results of this work have led to less invasive and more effective assistance for children, notably with the NAVA (neurally adjusted ventilatory assist) mode.

E-mail: [email protected]

Learning Objective: By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to discuss the physiologic rationale and an expert approach to managing a child with respiratory failure with NAVA.

References:

• Bordessoule, A., Emeriaud, G., Morneau, S. et al. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist improves patient–ventilator interaction in infants as compared with conventional ventilation. Pediatr Res 72, 194–202 (2012).
• Sindelar R, McKinney RL, Wallström L, Keszler M. Proportional assist and neurally adjusted ventilation: Clinical knowledge and future trials in newborn infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Jul;56(7):1841-1849. 
• Lepage-Farrell A, Tabone L, Plante V, Kawaguchi A, Feder J, Al Omar S, Emeriaud G. Noninvasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist in Infants With Bronchiolitis: Respiratory Outcomes in a Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort, 2016-2018. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024 Mar 1;25(3):201-211.

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Guillaume Emeriaud MD PhD is a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Montreal and pediatric intensivist at Sainte Justine Hospital in Montreal, Canada. He is a physician scientist with a particular interest in improving pediatric assisted ventilation. In particular, he has developed expertise in monitoring diaphragmatic function by evaluating the electrical activity of the diaphragm. The results of this work have led to less invasive and more effective assistance for children, notably with the NAVA (neurally adjusted ventilatory assist) mode. 

E-mail: [email protected]

Learning Objective: By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to discuss the physiologic rationale and an expert approach to managing a child with respiratory failure with NAVA.

References:

• Bordessoule, A., Emeriaud, G., Morneau, S. et al. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist improves patient–ventilator interaction in infants as compared with conventional ventilation. Pediatr Res 72, 194–202 (2012).
• Sindelar R, McKinney RL, Wallström L, Keszler M. Proportional assist and neurally adjusted ventilation: Clinical knowledge and future trials in newborn infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Jul;56(7):1841-1849. 
• Lepage-Farrell A, Tabone L, Plante V, Kawaguchi A, Feder J, Al Omar S, Emeriaud G. Noninvasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist in Infants With Bronchiolitis: Respiratory Outcomes in a Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort, 2016-2018. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024 Mar 1;25(3):201-211.

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this series, listeners should be able to:

1. Understand the research expectations of PICU Fellows in the United States.
2. Explain the types of research available to PICU fellows and how a new fellow might explore their local options. 
3. Explain the work necessary to refine a research question and write mature specific aims for a project.  
4. Understand the key factors involved in getting a fellowship paper submitted, including the common pitfalls for each type of research 

About our Guest: 

Mike Spaeder is a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Medicine and a pediatric critical care physician at the UVA Children's Hospital in Charlottesville, Virginia. He received his bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Trinity College and his master’s in statistics from George Washington University, where he also received his medical degree. He completed his pediatrics residency at Hasbro Children's Hospital/Brown University and his pediatric critical care fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is now the director of the Pediatric Critical Care fellowship at the UVA Children's Hospital. His research is based at the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics at the University of Virginia, where he focuses on modeling physiologic signatures of illness to identify patients at risk for clinical deterioration. 

Selected References:

1. Horvat CM, Hamilton MF, Hall MW, McGuire JK, Mink RB Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Workforce: 2020-2040. Pediatrics 2024 Feb 1 153
2. Tasker RC. Writing for PCCM: The 3,000-Word Structured Clinical Research Report. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 Mar 1;22(3):312-317.
3. Sanchez-Pinto, L. Nelson MD, MBI1; Badke, Colleen M. MD, MS1; Pololi, Linda MBBS, FRCP (hon)2. Group Peer Mentoring: A Strategy to Promote Career Development and Improve Well-Being Among Early-Career Faculty in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine ():10.1097/PCC.0000000000003763, May 15, 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003763 
4. Scott K. Radical Candor: Be a Kick-Ass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity. New York: St. Martin's Press; 2017. 1st ed. 
5. Equator Guidelines: https://www.equator-network.org/
6. For Authors : Pediatric Critical Care Medi

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this series, listeners should be able to:

1. Understand the research expectations of PICU Fellows in the United States.
2. Explain the types of research available to PICU fellows and how a new fellow might explore their local options. 
3. Explain the work necessary to refine a research question and write mature specific aims for a project.  
4. Understand the key factors involved in getting a fellowship paper submitted, including the common pitfalls for each type of research 

About our Guest: 

Mike Spaeder is a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Medicine and a pediatric critical care physician at the UVA Children's Hospital in Charlottesville, Virginia. He received his bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Trinity College and his master’s in statistics from George Washington University, where he also received his medical degree. He completed his pediatrics residency at Hasbro Children's Hospital/Brown University and his pediatric critical care fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is now the director of the Pediatric Critical Care fellowship at the UVA Children's Hospital. His research is based at the Center for Advanced Medical Analytics at the University of Virginia, where he focuses on modeling physiologic signatures of illness to identify patients at risk for clinical deterioration. 

Selected References:

1. Horvat CM, Hamilton MF, Hall MW, McGuire JK, Mink RB Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Workforce: 2020-2040. Pediatrics 2024 Feb 1 153
2. Tasker RC. Writing for PCCM: The 3,000-Word Structured Clinical Research Report. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 Mar 1;22(3):312-317.
3. Sanchez-Pinto, L. Nelson MD, MBI1; Badke, Colleen M. MD, MS1; Pololi, Linda MBBS, FRCP (hon)2. Group Peer Mentoring: A Strategy to Promote Career Development and Improve Well-Being Among Early-Career Faculty in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine ():10.1097/PCC.0000000000003763, May 15, 2025. | DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003763 
4. Scott K. Radical Candor: Be a Kick-Ass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity. New York: St. Martin's Press; 2017. 1st ed. 
5. Equator Guidelines: https://www.equator-network.org/
6. For Authors : Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!

Learning Objectives:

By the end of this series, listeners should be able to discuss:

1. The physiologic rationale supporting the use of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in ARDS. 
2. The patient populations most likely to benefit from APRV.
3. Key published evidence that informs our use of APRV in critical care.
4. An expert approach to managing a patient with APRV.
5. Next steps in research that will direct our understanding of the use of APRV in pediatric critical care.

About our Guest: 

Dr. Palen Mallory is an assistant professor of pediatrics at Duke University and a pediatric intensivist at Duke Children's Hospital. She completed medical school at Virginia Commonwealth University, a pediatric residency at Emory University, and a critical care fellowship at Vanderbilt University. She is interested in respiratory care research, including ECMO, respiratory failure, and ARDS.

Selected References:

1. Mallory, P., & Cheifetz, I. (2020). A comprehensive review of the use and understanding of airway pressure release ventilation. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 14(3), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2020.1708719
2. Frawley, P. M., & Habashi, N. M. (2004). Airway pressure release ventilation and pediatrics: Theory and practice. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 16(3 SPEC. ISS.), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CCELL.2004.04.003
3. Fredericks, A. S., Bunker, M. P., Gliga, L. A., Ebeling, C. G., Ringqvist, J. R. B., Heravi, H., Manley, J., Valladares, J., & Romito, B. T. (2020). Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: A Review of the Evidence, Theoretical Benefits, and Alternative Titration Strategies. Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179548420903297
4. APRV Guideline - EMCrit Project. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://emcrit.org/squirt/aprv/
5. Andrews P, Shiber J, Madden M, Nieman GF, Camporota L, Habashi NM. Myths and Misconceptions of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: Getting Past the Noise and on to the Signal. Front Physiol. 2022 Jul 25;13:928562. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928562. PMID: 35957

Send us Fan Mail

Support the show

How to support PedsCrit:
Please complete our Listener Feedback Survey
Please rate and review on Spotify and Apple Podcasts!
Donations are appreciated @PedsCrit on Venmo , you can also support us by becoming a patron on Patreon. 100% of funds go to supporting the show.

Please remember that all content during this episode is intended for educational and entertainment purposes only. It should not be used as medical advice. The views expressed during this episode by hosts and our guests are their own and do not reflect the official position of their institutions. If you have any comments, suggestions, or feedback-you can email us at [email protected].  You can also check out our website at http://www.pedscrit.com. Thank you for listening to this episode of PedsCrit!