During pregnancy, lab tests play a crucial role in monitoring both maternal and fetal health, ensuring early detection of potential complications. Routine blood tests in early pregnancy include a complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia or infections, blood type and Rh factor screening to prevent incompatibility issues, and tests for infectious diseases such as HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. Additionally, rubella immunity testing is done to assess whether the mother is protected against the virus, which can cause severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. Urinalysis is also standard to screen for infections, protein levels (which could indicate preeclampsia), and glucose levels, which may suggest gestational diabetes risk. Genetic screenings, such as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) or carrier screening for conditions like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease, may also be recommended based on risk factors or family history.

As pregnancy progresses, further lab tests are conducted to monitor emerging conditions and ensure fetal well-being. Between 24 and 28 weeks, the glucose challenge test (GCT) is typically performed to screen for gestational diabetes, a condition that can impact both mother and baby if left untreated. A repeat CBC may be ordered in the third trimester to reassess anemia, and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) testing is done around 36 weeks to determine whether antibiotics are needed during labor to prevent newborn infection. Additional testing, such as thyroid function tests, liver function tests, or expanded genetic screening, may be recommended based on the individual's health status and risk factors. These lab tests, combined with regular prenatal care, help guide clinical decisions, ensuring a safe pregnancy and a healthy birth outcome.

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