Sci Guys

Scientists don't really know how antidepressants work... That sounds shocking but what does it really mean? In this week's episode, we're covering antidepressants and chatting about what scientists do & don't know about them!

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References & Further Reading

The Do Go On boys join us this week to talk about MK Ultra, the CIA's super secret, insanely immoral mind control experiments! Somehow, talking giraffes, one way mirrors, and skinless hands wormed their way into the conversation. Guess you'll have to watch to find out how...

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References & Further Reading
https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/95mkultra.pdf
edia.org/wiki/MKUltra#Experiments_on_Americans
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-we-know-about-cias-midcentury-mind-control-project-180962836/
https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=history_capstones
https://www.npr.org/2020/11/20/937009453/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief
https://www.npr.org/2020/11/20/937009453/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief
https://www.history.com/topics/us-government/history-of-mk-ultra#section_2
https://www.npr.org/2019/09/09/758989641/the-cias-secret-quest-for-mind-control-torture-lsd-and-a-poisoner-in-chief
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943/full
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482407/
https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/mar/11/guardianobituaries2

Boo! To celebrate Halloween, we're covering the very spooky topic of phobias... Also NoahFinnce (the 5th Sci Guy) is here too.

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References & Further Reading

https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/phobias/overview/#:~:text=A%20phobia%20is%20an%20overwhelming,about%20a%20situation%20or%20object.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug05/figuring#:~:text=Studies%20like%20these%20have%20led,amygdala%20and%20related%20brain%20areas.&text=The%20detail%20and%20scale%20of,is%20extraordinary%2C%20according%20to%20Rauch.

Social anxiety (or social phobia) is a lot more than just feeling a bit uncomfortable around people - so this week, Vegard joins us to share his experiences while we chat about the science! 

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References & Further Reading
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/social-anxiety/#:~:text=Social%20anxiety%20is%20more%20than,before%2C%20during%20and%20after%20them.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t12/https://socialanxietyinstitute.org/dsm-definition-social-anxiety-disorder
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t12/
https://socialanxietyinstitute.org/dsm-definition-social-anxiety-disorder
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/social-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074171/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925696/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28836318/
https://www.verywellmind.com/difference-between-gad-and-social-anxiety-disorder-1393009
verywellmind.com/social-anxiety-disorder-causes-3024749
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6363285/

Kids can be difficult, sometimes so difficult that we slap a psychiatric label on them because we're not sure what else to do. Oppositional Defiant Disorder is one of those labels given to kids that behave so poorly that adults can't handle them. This week, we chat about the disorder, prisons, & the pros and cons of pathologising some human behaviours...

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References & Further Reading
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557443/
https://childmind.org/article/what-is-odd-oppositional-defiant-disorder/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/conditions/oppositional-defiant-disorder
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Children-With-Oppositional-Defiant-Disorder-072.aspx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762933/
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0401/p586.html

Deaf people are often excluded & misunderstood - particularly in the sciences. So we thought we'd take a look into the science of deafness & how the world treats deaf people in STEM. Joining us fro the chat is Elliot Douglas (theevolutionofelliot)! He may not be a sicentist but his deaf-initely worth paying attention to!

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References & Further Reading
https://physicstoday.scitation.org/do/10.1063/pt.6.4.20210723a/full/
https://www.britishscienceassociation.org/blog/why-deaf-inclusion-matters
https://www.science.org/content/article/deaf-needs-hearing-impaired-scientists
https://leaps.org/deaf-scientists-just-created-over-1000-new-signs-to-dramatically-improve-ability-to-communicate/
https://www.noisyplanet.nidcd.nih.gov/hearing-loss-science#:~:text=Noise%2Dinduced%20hearing%20loss%20happens,the%20sound%20to%20the%20brain.
https://www.ndcs.org.uk/information-and-support/childhood-deafness/what-is-deafness/
https://hsci.harvard.edu/hearing-loss-0
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/how-do-we-hear
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/types.html
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss#:~:text=A%20person%20who%20is%20not,moderate%2C%20severe%2C%20or%20profound.
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing-aids#:~:text=A%20hearing%20aid%20has%20three,the%20ear%20through%20a%20speaker.
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hearing-aids-and-implants/

This week Tom Scott joins us to chat about linguistics, the scientific study of language. If you learn anything from this episode, let it be that a conversation with someone that likes linguistics is always going to go off the rails with as many tangents as possible...

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References & Further Reading
https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yLXNzDUH58
https://linguistics.ucla.edu/undergraduate/what-is-linguistics/#:~:text=Linguistics%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,from%20other%20animal%20communication%20systems%3F
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-27346-1
https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/science-linguistics
https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics/The-20th-century
https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=is+linguistics+a+science&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en-gb&client=safari
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=linguistics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yLXNzDUH58
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
https://www.ipachart.com/
https://linguistics.ucla.edu/undergraduate/what-is-linguistics/#:~:text=Linguistics%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,from%20other%20animal%20communication%20systems%3F
https://linguistics.uchicago.edu/undergraduate/why-study-linguistics
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2022/02/13/language-is-the-next-great-frontier-in-ai/
https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/why-major-linguistics#:~:text=Linguistics%20is%20a%20major%20that,%2C%20and%20meaning%20(semantics).
https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonetics/#:~:text=Phonetics%20is%20a%20branch%20of,teeth%2C%20to%20produce%20particular%20sounds.
https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/branches-of-linguistics/phonology/
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/difference-between-language-dialect/424704/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Historical-attitudes-toward-language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockett%27s_design_features
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4544681/#:~:text=Hockett%20presented%20a%20list%20of,seven%20properties%20he%20identified%20previously.&text=To%20these%20he%20added%20vocal,feedback%2C%20semanticity%2C%20and%20discreteness.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6232916/
https://www.thoughtco.com/syntax-grammar-1692182#:~:text=In%20linguistics%2C%20%22syntax%22%20refers,syntactic%20properties%20of%20a%20language.
https://www.thoughtco.com/semantics-linguistics-1692080
https://www.britannica.com/science/pragmatics
https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/schwa/

Our patrons voted in kinks as this month’s topic - which (among other things) means opening up the DSM and seeing which fetishes are pathologised & which aren’t… 

CW: pedophillia mention

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References & Further Reading
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3940015/#:~:text=Introduction-,Transvestic%20fetishism%20is%20having%20a%20sexual%20or%20erotic%20interest%20in,of%20the%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32935177/ https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6525106/#!po=10.3659 
https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/14/science-bdsm-kink-biology-psychology-fifty-shades 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119312/ 
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/difference-between-fetish-and-kink_n_5b58a59ae4b0b15aba94749b/amp 

Circumcision is one of the oldest surgical procedures we still know of and perform today, but the question is why? Beyond the religious elements, are there any benefits to circumcising babies? Are they better off being circumcised before they can talk, or should we wait until they're able to consent? We're digging into the scientific debates surrounding those very questions in this week's episode...

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References & Further Reading
https://jme.bmj.com/content/30/3/241.1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4277517/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364150/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X16302683
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-020-00354-y
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/S0968-8080%2807%2929303-6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638798/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/circumcision-in-men/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/circumcision-in-boys/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225416/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/phimosis/
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/newborn-male-circumcision

Body Dysmorphic Disorder is a condition that most people have heard of, but they may not understand it as well as they think... This week, we take a dive into BDD & find out what it is, how it's treated, and more...

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References & Further Reading
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30806630/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29701157/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20623926/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28611331/
https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/#:~:text=Body%20dysmorphic%20disorder%20(BDD)%2C,affects%20both%20men%20and%20women.
https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/body-dysmorphic-disorder-bdd/about-bdd/