SciShow Tangents

We're back, baby! And we're seeing double! Ring in the new-ish year with us as we reflect on mirrors!

Deboki is hosting a new podcast called Tiny Matters! It’s a science podcast about “the little stuff that makes the big stuff possible!” You can subscribe here! And be sure to follow her on Twitter: @okidoki_boki

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[The Scientific Definition]

Heliograph

https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/04/world-war-i-in-photos-technology/507305/

https://www.nps.gov/fobo/learn/historyculture/the-heliograph.htm

https://books.google.com/books?id=RBC2nY1rp5MC&q=heliograph&pg=PA211#v=snippet&q=heliograph&f=false

Pseudoscope 

http://waywiser.fas.harvard.edu/objects/3538/combination-stereoscope-telestereoscope-and-pseudoscope;jsessionid=ADBDCEF0ECA144094F58FDB5779EB61B

https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/cinematic/3/

https://books.google.com/books?id=0_QMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA146&dq=pseudoscope&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=pseudoscope&f=false

Etalon  

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/fabry.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/etalons

https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-5-6-985

Reflecting circle

https://amhistory.si.edu/navigation/type.cfm?typeid=5

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1801.0019

Pictures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_instrument#Reflecting_circles

[Trivia Question]

James Webb Space Telescope mirrors

https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/telescopes/en/

[Fact Off]

Enantiomers (mirror versions of chemical compounds)

https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2004/ch_4.html

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/space/must-all-molecules-life-be-left-handed-or-right-handed-180959956/

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/blog/2015/06/the-version-of-sugar-that-wont-affect-your-blood-glucose-levels-and-why-you-cant-have-it/

https://www.wired.com/2003/11/newsugar/

The Venus Effect (mirror sight-lines) 

https://www.bertamini.org/lab/venus.html

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Venus-effect-in-real-life-and-in-photographs-Bertamini-Lawson/c6d67537323365e8fdae3c7e1b02635c7b1901aa/figure/3

[Ask the Science Couch]

Super efficient mirrors 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-physical-proc/

https://news.mit.edu/1998/mirror

http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/12/19/laser.surgery/index.html

https://physicsworld.com/a/crystalline-supermirrors-cut-optical-losses/

https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=14069

[Butt One More Thing]

Mirror test IBS

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3617051/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16258235/

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SciShow Tangents is off again this week, but since it's a new year and all, we thought this was the perfect opportunity to rerun our episode all about ways humans have devised to measure time! See you for a new episode next week!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

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SciShow Tangents is taking a couple weeks off for the holidays, but we aren't gonna leave you hanging! This week, we present an unlocked Patreon patron bonus episode in which we try to stump Ceri with a barrage of science and pop culture questions!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions!

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

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The Tangents crew gets lightly festive as they talk about the increasingly-less-cold tippity-top and bippity-bottom of good old planet Earth!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

And go to https://store.dftba.com/collections/scishow-tangents to buy your very own, genuine SciShow Tangents sticker!

A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Plant species in Arctic

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21988606/

[Fact Off]

Old Seeds!

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/120221-oldest-seeds-regenerated-plants-science?loggedin=true

https://www.pnas.org/content/109/10/4008

Camel ancestors living in Arctic

https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-camel-an-arctic-animal

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/camel-ancestors-lived-arctic

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2516

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379111001661#

https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/fun-facts-about-reindeer-and-caribou

[Ask the Science Couch]

Animals/plants in polar night 

https://www.popsci.com/how-do-animals-survive-polar-night/

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/03/arctic-marine-life-polar-night/474870/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110526064627.htm

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-are-reindeer-eyes-golden-in-summer-but-blue-in-winter

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215014323

Animals/plants in midnight sun

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2921307/

https://www.livescience.com/62870-summer-solstice-animals.html

https://uphere.ca/articles/what-does-24-hours-light-do-animals

https://www.alaskacenters.gov/explore/attractions/midnight-sun/effects

https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-plants/plants-of-the-arctic-and-antarctic

[Butt One More Thing]

Poop bacteria in Antarctica

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25451839/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908950/

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We’ve talked about all sorts of living things. Bugs, for instance. And plants… elephants… the list goes on. But what we haven’t discussed is the thing that all of those animals are made of: cells! What are they? Why are they? Answers to half those questions await you!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

B. natans number of genes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24502779/

https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6085824/

[Fact Off]

Streptococcus disguises itself as red blood cells

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31801066/

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/886535

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/harmful-bacteria-masquerade-red-blood-cells-evade-immune-system-180973678/

Ciliate nuclei + genetics (O. trifallax/S. histriomuscorum)

https://www.wired.com/2014/09/oxytricha-encrypted-genome/

http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=427777

https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00984-2

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001473

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647009/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558436/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Cell movement & motor proteins

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/microtubules-and-filaments-14052932/

https://www.pnas.org/content/108/51/20275

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4812444/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1893118/

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/comments/S0960-9822(98)70264-7

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26867/

[Butt One More Thing]

Buttock cells

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2787452/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12308-013-0175-y

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888610/

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Snakes get a bad rap. Sure they’re slithery, venomous, silent killers… but they have some nice qualities, too! We don’t talk about many of those nice qualities in this episode, but they do exist. 

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Gliding snakes jumping or not

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21816808/

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44950

[Fact Off]

Kukuri snakes disembowel

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/639331

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/881934

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mvmk_PDzKw

https://snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2012/06/snakes-that-chew-their-food.html

Python heart growing and shrinking

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002308/

https://www.nature.com/articles/434037a?proof=t

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/python-heart-food-news-animals

https://cob.silverchair-cdn.com/cob/content_public/journal/jeb/211/24/10.1242_jeb.023754/3/3767.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383835/

https://www.livescience.com/16764-python-hearts-treat-human-cardiac-disease.html

[Ask the Science Couch]

Snake locomotion

Videos: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDDha9MxIDob8lOcy8UMC1g/videos

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7391877/

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/221/4/jeb166199/33944/Crawling-without-wiggling-muscular-mechanisms-and

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180112132922.htm  

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/invasive-brown-tree-snakes-stun-scientists-amazing-new-climbing-tactic-180976728/

[Butt One More Thing]

Snake cloaca “farting”

https://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121845.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1565572.pdf?casa_token=hasRmCpaVigAAAAA:PfR7INW6TS-UeKo3iImOG4qx-AI1nj82C6GvjKI0k8TRFtFv7VhADtbPnZZWEkU47AlmGJrFMF8b5Mk8P8MaAhfg6vdE6w5NqDhgil_8fyqYwzIDZA

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Between now and the end of the year, people all over the world will be enjoying all sorts of holiday feasts, eating lots of cookies, and maybe even enjoying a sugar plum or two. In other words: it's food season, baby! And we've got a piping hot bowl of science stew for you! Don't forget to save room for desert: a big slice of butt pie!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @im_sam_schultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Apple sweetness

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44950

[Fact Off]

Yeast & vitamins advertising 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9105273/

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/12/28/675280193/how-a-little-science-and-a-lot-of-shady-advertising-boosted-yeasts-popularity

https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-healing-power-of-compressed-yeast

https://books.google.com/books?id=MUwfAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA411&dq=nutritional+yeast&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2_KCv4vLeAhX4ITQIHQmcBCI4igUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=nutritional%20yeast&f=false

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069802166&view=1up&seq=352

https://www.seriouseats.com/what-is-nutritional-yeast-nooch

Evolution of gourds

https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/11/11/1516109112

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/517382

https://insider.si.edu/2015/11/dull-mastadon-taste-buds-once-helped-pumpkins-wild-ancestor-thrive/

[Ask the Science Couch]

Shark digestive systems

https://german.bio.uci.edu/images/PDF/Leigh%20et%20al.%20(2017)%20RFBF_online.pdf

https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/sharks/anatomy/the-shark-inside/

http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=567

https://www.himb.hawaii.edu/ReefPredator/pH.htm

Vulture digestive systems 

https://www.wintuaudubon.org/tag/turkey-vulture/

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30216294

https://www.audubon.org/news/how-vultures-can-eat-rotten-meat-without-getting-sick

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.16345

Crocodile digestive systems

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/524150

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1Hgcr4VrDNgG0RFdVYtH0H3/wonder-facts-crocodiles

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13285-super-size-me-alligators-reveal-digestive-trick/

https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/55/6/986/2363554

[Butt One More Thing]

Cow butt meat

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32526619/

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Since the beginning of recorded history, people have been putting on lipstick, applying perfume, wearing fake nails, and just generally making themselves look nice for all sorts of reasons. Heck, there are even some animals in on it! 

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Definition]

https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/it-cosmetic-drug-or-both-or-it-soap

[Trivia Question]

Carthamus tinctorius L

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8126054/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263051/

[Fact Off]

Vultures painting themselves red

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19076-zoologger-vultures-use-twigs-to-gather-wool-for-nests/

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.1840

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2130980-vultures-smear-their-faces-in-red-mud-which-they-use-as-makeup/

https://www.audubon.org/news/these-birds-wear-makeup

WWII nylon-replacing liquid leg makeup

https://books.google.com/books?id=OygDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_765873

https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/nylon-a-revolution-in-textiles

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-nylon-stockings-changed-world-180955219/

http://www.cosmeticsandskin.com/ded/liquid-powder.php  

[Ask the Science Couch]

Dangerous cosmetics (lead, radium, atropine) 

https://books.google.com/books?id=A3C_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=LpplCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT67&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/03/how-we-realized-putting-radium-in-everything-was-not-the-answer/273780/

https://cosmeticsandskin.com/aba/glowing-complexion.php

https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/belladonna.shtml

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8614-99/atropine-ophthalmic-eye/atropine-sulfate-ophthalmic/details

[Butt One More Thing]

Butt hair forensics

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/AY/D0AY01068E

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128119082/coronary-artery-disease

https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensic-science-communications/fsc/april2009/review/2009_04_review02.htm#racebodyid

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Please enjoy this version of Ceri's smash hit Cnidarian Song, with musical accompaniment by our own maestro Joseph "Tuna" Metesh!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

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Jellyfish, corals, anemones… they have a couple things in common. They’re all cnidarians, and they all seem like they don’t really have a whole lot going on. They just sort of float around! But looks can be deceiving: this mysterious, blobby phylum holds many secrets!

Head to https://www.patreon.com/SciShowTangents to find out how you can help support SciShow Tangents, and see all the cool perks you’ll get in return, like bonus episodes and a monthly newsletter!

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A big thank you to Patreon subscriber Garth Riley for helping to make the show possible!

Follow us on Twitter @SciShowTangents, where we’ll tweet out topics for upcoming episodes and you can ask the science couch questions! 

While you're at it, check out the Tangents crew on Twitter: Ceri: @ceriley Sam: @slamschultz Hank: @hankgreen

[Trivia Question]

Jellyfish with or against current

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6937341/

[Fact Off]

Moon jelly vortex

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/626033

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2264056-jellyfish-push-off-a-pocket-of-water-under-their-bell-to-swim-faster/

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/jan-9-covid-19-and-fighting-viral-evolution-ice-age-wolf-pup-and-more-1.5865449/jellyfish-are-the-ocean-s-most-efficient-swimmers-here-s-how-they-do-it-1.5865457

Boxer crabs and sea anemones 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5289105/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274037895_Bonsai_anemones_Growth_suppression_of_sea_anemones_by_their_associated_kleptoparasitic_boxer_crab

^ pictures in both these links

[Ask the Science Couch]

Peeing on jellyfish sting

Clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjTKKFSb9h8

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/3/105/htm?xid=PS_smithsonian

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-fix-jellyfish-sting-180963582/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whats-behind-that-jellyfish-sting-2844876/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4728541/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773479/

[Butt One More Thing]

Coral - good poop (clam) bad poop (surgeonfish)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33841351/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33326418/

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.621111/full

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