The Bittersweet Life

The Bittersweet Life

By Expat, Repat, Travel, Rome, Seattle, Books, Art, Italy, WonderSociety & CultureArtsBooksPlaces & Travel
Download on the App Store
  • Favorites

    63

    Followers

  • Typical duration

    32 min

    per episode

Based on Podcast App listening data

The Bittersweet Life episodes

  • Episode 598: Why Are Italians so Loud?

    If you've ever spent any significant amount of time in Italy or around native Italians, you will soon have discovered: Italians are loud.

    A recent trip to the peaceful Austrian Alps, in which she was confronted with lots and lots of Italians on vacation in a place outisde of Italy, brought home this reality to Tiffany more than ever before. Turns out, when Italians are in a non-Italian context, they seem even louder.

    Is there a genetic reason Italians talk more loudly, or is it simply because they are used to living in a loud place and necessarily modulate their voices to match? Or is there a deeper reason?

    Also, as an expat whose dream was once to live with and among Italians, how long does it take before your chosen people start to get on your nerves?

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    30 min
  • The Bitterswseet Past: What's It like to Grow up Abroad?

    On this fun episode from our archives, we sit down with three American sisters living in Orvieto, Italy. Giulia (age 13), Paloma (age 11), and Viola (age 8) have been expats their whole lives. How do they view the United States from afar? Do they feel like they fit in with the local kids their age?

    This interview was taped over a decade ago! What are Giulia, Paloma, and Viola up to now? Should we do a follow-up episode?

    ***The Bittersweet Life podcast has been on the air for an impressive 10+ years! In order to help newer listeners discover some of our earlier episodes, every Friday we are now airing an episode from our vast archives! Enjoy!***

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    22 min
  • Bittersweet Moment #230: Exploring Majestic Palazzo Farnese

    Palazzo Farnese is one of the most magnificent palaces in Rome—and until recently, one of the most difficult to visit.

    But that has changed and Tiffany took the opportunity to visit this incredible site while her mom was in town recently. In this mini-episode, she talks about the palace's history, the scandalous way the Farnese family rose to prestige in the Renaissance, and the glorious art that you can admire inside.

    Aurelio also pops in to share his thoughts on visiting this marvelous palace.

    Click here to book a visit to Palazzo Farnese.

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    20 min
  • Episode 597: Think Better, Live More (with Therese Huston)

    We all think we know what wil make your brain sharper, faster, and more agile. But what does the neuroscience actually say on the subject?

    There's no one better to answer that question that Therese Huston, cognitive scientist, and author of Sharp: 14 Simple Ways to Improve Your Life with Brain Science. And today we are lucky to sit down with Therese and get into the nitty-gritty of brain science and what actually helps—small changes that in most cases can be accomplished in just 5 minutes a day.

    According to Huston, "Your brain has a favorite beverage, a surprising way to add new neurons, and strong opinions about multitasking—and it's not what you think." In this engagine conversation, Katy and Therese explore, among other things, how to turn a scattered mind into focused energy.

    Find Therese Huston at her website or on Instagram.

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    50 min
  • The Bittersweet Past: When a Comedian Moves Abroad (with Marsha De Salvatore)

    Comedian Marsha De Salvatore brings humor to a discussion on living abroad with a serious blood disease in this interview from our archives. We also touch on socialized health care systems, modern day dating, comedy and the differences between American and Italian women.

    ***The Bittersweet Life podcast has been on the air for an impressive 10+ years! In order to help newer listeners discover some of our earlier episodes, every Friday we are now airing an episode from our vast archives! Enjoy!***

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    51 min
  • Bittersweet Peek: Tiny Listener Questions

    Sometimes we get tiny questions from listeners. They are fun topics to talk about but not large enough for an entire episode. On our latest bonus episode, we tackle several of these little quandaries.

    This is just a sneak peek of a much longer bonus episode, available exclusively to our generous Patreon supporters.

    Want to hear more?

    Become part of the Bittersweet Life community by supporting just on Patreon! For as little as $5 per month—less than the price of a coffee in some places—you will have access to two bonus episodes every single month.

    You'll hear conversations that would never take place on the main show, you'll be part of our new chat community, you'll have access to Patreon-only content in addition to bonus episodes, and you'll be invited to join us for regular live meet-ups.

    But most importantly, you'll be doing your part to help keep this show alive—an independent podcast with no corporate support. (You'll also help keep it virtually ad-free!)

    Check our our Patreon page for all the details, and consider joining us at the $5 level or above. We are eternally grateful!

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    5 min
  • Episode 596: Running to Somewhere vs Running Away

    Our interview last week with brand-new expat Jennie Spohr brought up lots of thoughts and ideas on our part, so we've decided to weigh in together on this follow-up episode.

    What struck us most was the idea of running AWAY from somewhere as opposed to running TO somewhere?

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    27 min
  • The Bittersweet Past: Are Expats Running away from Life? (with John Wynn)

    A common stereotype is that expats are maladjusted and running away from real life.

    But is it really true?

    In this episode from our archives, Katy Sewall sits down with psychiatrist, author and former expat John Wynn to discuss this interesting topic. Later, Tiffany shares her own story.

    ***The Bittersweet Life podcast has been on the air for an impressive 11+ years! In order to help newer listeners discover some of our earlier episodes, every Friday we are now airing an episode from our vast archives! Enjoy!***

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    26 min
  • Bittersweet Moment #229: Back to School, Italian Style

    After a seeminly endless summer (nearly 3 and a half months!), Aurelio is finally back to school this week!

    In this informative mini-episode, Tiffany lays out all the ways Italian school—and elementary school in particular—is different from American school, from the early introduction of cursive to summer homework, to the ubiquitous grembuile (school smock).

    If you've ever wondered what school is like across the pond, listen in and find out!

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    31 min
  • Episode 595: Would You Move Abroad for Political Reasons? (with Jennie Spohr)

    There are many reasons a family might choose to move abroad. In the case of Americans, that reason is generally motivated by a desire for adventure, change, new scenery, unfamiliar culture, a slower pace of living, or just plain fun.

    But not always. Today we sit down with friend of the show and past guest Jennie Spohr, a Seattleite historical fiction writer who chose to pack up her life, leave her home country, and move to Ireland with her family for political reasons.

    And there's a plot twist...

    What could be harder than convincing your teen and pre-teen kids to leave their friends, their school, and practically every aspect of their life and move to a new country?

    Convincing your ex-husband to come too.

    Don't miss this surprising and entertaining episode.

    If you've considered moving abroad for political reasons—or if you've already done it—get in touch by emailing us here. We'd love to hear your story and we might feature it on a future episode.

    Find today's guest and author Jennie Spohr at her website or on her Instagram pages here and here.

    Listen to our previous interview with Jennie where she talks about the pitfalls of solo travel, and why taking off on a one-woman journey isn't always the answer to your problems.

    -------------------------------------

    COME TO ROME WITH US: Our third annual Bittersweet Life Roman Adventure is all sold out for 2025! If you'd like to join us in 2026, and be part of an intimate group of listeners on a magical and unforgettable journey to Rome, discovering the city with us as your guides, find out more here.

    ADVERTISE WITH US: Reach expats, future expats, and travelers all over the world. Send us an email to get the conversation started.

    BECOME A PATRON: Pledge your monthly support of The Bittersweet Life and receive awesome prizes in return for your generosity! Visit our Patreon site to find out more.

    TIP YOUR PODCASTER: Say thanks with a one-time donation to the podcast hosts you know and love. Click here to send financial support via PayPal. (You can also find a Donate button on the desktop version of our website.) The show needs your support to continue.

    START PODCASTING: If you are planning to start your own podcast, consider Libsyn for your hosting service! Use this affliliate link to get two months free, or use our promo code SWEET when you sign up.

    SUBSCRIBE: Subscribe to the podcast to make sure you never miss an episode. Click here to find us on a variety of podcast apps.

    WRITE A REVIEW: Leave us a rating and a written review on iTunes so more listeners can find us.

    JOIN THE CONVERSATION: If you have a question or a topic you want us to address, send us an email here. You can also connect to us through Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Tag #thebittersweetlife with your expat story for a chance to be featured!

    NEW TO THE SHOW? Don't be afraid to start with Episode 1: OUTSET

    BOOK: Want to read Tiffany's book, Midnight in the Piazza? Learn more here or order on Amazon.

    TOUR ROME: If you're traveling to Rome, don't miss the chance to tour the city with Tiffany as your guide!

    34 min

About The Bittersweet Life

From the publisher's feed

Life doesn't have a script. At least, it doesn't have to. Hosts Katy Sewall and Tiffany Parks explore the challenges and joys of moving abroad and moving home. Whether you're living overseas, or not —…

Best of The Bittersweet Life

Ranked by our users in the last 21 days

More shows like The Bittersweet Life

Fresh Air by NPR

Fresh Air

37,991 Listeners

The New Yorker Radio Hour by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker

The New Yorker Radio Hour

6,754 Listeners

Hidden Brain by Hidden Brain, Shankar Vedantam

Hidden Brain

43,359 Listeners

The Moth by The Moth

The Moth

26,818 Listeners

The Book Review by The New York Times

The Book Review

3,928 Listeners

Travel with Rick Steves by Rick Steves

Travel with Rick Steves

2,504 Listeners

Join Us in France Travel Podcast by Annie Sargent

Join Us in France Travel Podcast

1,044 Listeners

The Splendid Table: Conversations & Recipes For Curious Cooks & Eaters by American Public Media

The Splendid Table: Conversations & Recipes For Curious Cooks & Eaters

3,077 Listeners

The Sporkful by Dan Pashman

The Sporkful

3,932 Listeners

Christopher Kimball’s Milk Street Radio by Milk Street Radio

Christopher Kimball’s Milk Street Radio

3,003 Listeners

The Earful Tower: Paris by Oliver Gee

The Earful Tower: Paris

744 Listeners

Untold Italy travel podcast by Katy Clarke

Untold Italy travel podcast

652 Listeners

All There Is with Anderson Cooper by CNN Podcasts

All There Is with Anderson Cooper

10,548 Listeners

Wiser Than Me with Julia Louis-Dreyfus by Lemonada Media

Wiser Than Me with Julia Louis-Dreyfus

10,538 Listeners

Wild Card with Rachel Martin by NPR

Wild Card with Rachel Martin

1,011 Listeners