In the mid-2030s, historians may look back and note that, despite numerous COP meetings and agreements like the Paris Agreement, global carbon emissions continued to rise, with significant contributions from countries like India, China, and Indonesia. The world failed to meet the 1.5°C target, making 2°C and even 3°C more likely. In this podcast, Dieter Helm looks at why the COP process has not delivered the desired outcomes, and the immediate imperative to shift strategies to tackle climate change from territorial net zero targets in the UK to more realistic approaches to reducing global emissions.

Renewable energy sources like wind and solar, despite their growth, still contribute a small fraction to global energy supplies compared to fossil fuels. The increasing demand for electricity – in particular, from new technologies and data centres – and the intermittent nature of renewables have led to higher system costs, with nuclear power emerging (once again), but this time as a more viable option for stable and continuous energy supply. Looking ahead, more radical measures, including geoengineering, might be necessary to address climate change effectively. Whatever strategy is adopted, the net zero path being pursued in the UK is unlikely to be successful, as our historians in 2035 will no doubt have discovered.