The Future of Everything

Law professor Daniel Ho says that the law is ripe for AI innovation, but a lot is at stake. Naive application of AI can lead to rampant hallucinations in over 80 percent of legal queries, so much research remains to be done in the field. Ho tells how California counties recently used AI to find and redact racist property covenants from their laws—a task predicted to take years, reduced to days. AI can be quite good at removing “regulatory sludge,” Ho tells host Russ Altman in teasing the expanding promise of AI in the law in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Dan Ho, a professor of law and computer science at Stanford University.

(00:03:36) Journey into Law and AI

Dan shares his early interest in institutions and social reform.

(00:04:52) Misconceptions About Law

Common misunderstandings about the focus of legal work.

(00:06:44) Using LLMs for Legal Advice

The current capabilities and limits of LLMs in legal settings.

(00:09:09) Identifying Legislation with AI

Building a model to identify and redact racial covenants in deeds.

(00:13:09) OCR and Multimodal Models

Improving outdated OCR systems using multimodal AI.

(00:14:08) STARA: AI for Statute Search

A tool to scan laws for outdated or excessive requirements.

(00:16:18) AI and Redundant Reports

Using STARA to find obsolete legislatively mandated reports

(00:20:10) Verifying AI Accuracy

Comparing STARA results with federal data to ensure reliability.

(00:22:10) Outdated or Wasteful Regulations

Examples of bureaucratic redundancies that hinder legal process.

(00:23:38) Consolidating Reports with AI

How different bureaucrats deal with outdated legislative reports.

(00:26:14) Open vs. Closed AI Models

The risks, benefits, and transparency in legal AI tools.

(00:32:14) Replacing Lawyers with Legal Chatbot

Why general-purpose legal chatbots aren't ready to replace lawyers.

(00:34:58) Conclusion

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Psychiatrist Carolyn Rodriguez studies hoarding disorder and says that all of us have attachments to our possessions. But for many, these attachments can disrupt daily life and even pose health risks. For those with loved ones who struggle with hoarding disorder, she says treatments exist, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Lately, she’s been studying how virtual reality can augment CBT through virtual discarding practice and ways brain stimulation may improve symptoms. But, Rodriguez says, never underestimate the value of empathy for those in need of help, as she tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Carolyn Rodriguez, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral science at Stanford University.

(00:02:47) Motivation to Study Hoarding Disorder

Why Carolyn chose to focus her research on hoarding disorder.

(00:03:44) Collecting Versus Hoarding

Distinguishing between normal behavior and clinically significant hoarding.

(00:05:47) Prevalence of Hoarding Disorder

The universality and pervasiveness of hoarding disorder.

(00:07:11) The Brain Science Behind Hoarding

Early neuroscience findings on attachment and discarding behavior.

(00:08:47) Dopamine and Excessive Acquisition

The connection between hoarding and potential dopamine reward pathways.

(00:09:55) Risk Factors and Cognitive Challenges

Personality traits, genetics, and processing difficulties involved in hoarding.

(00:11:14) Gender Differences and Insight Issues

Gender prevalence in treatment-seeking and the concept of anosognosia.

(00:12:35) The “Why” Behind Hoarding

How motivations and emotional attachments influence behavior.

(00:13:50) Onset and Progression of Disorder

Typical onset age, aging effects, and early warning signs.

(00:15:05) Historical References to Hoarding

Accounts from ancient literature of hoarding-like behavior

(00:17:16) Attachment to Objects

The emotional, aesthetic, and identity-based reasons people retain objects.

(00:20:45) Current Treatment Options

The treatment landscape, including lack of medications and focus on CBT.

(00:22:30) Chronic Nature of Hoarding Disorder

Framing hoarding as a long-term condition with hopeful outcomes.

(00:23:08) Virtual Reality for Treatment

A study on using VR to safely practice letting go of personal items.

(00:25:58) Neuromodulation Research

Using non-invasive brain stimulation to reduce acquisition urges.

(00:27:00) Advice for Individuals and Families

The importance of empathy and self-care for individuals and caregivers.

(00:28:47) Conclusion

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Summer is in full swing and we hope you are enjoying it with family and friends. As we spend more time outdoors, it’s an opportune moment to revisit a conversation we had with Zakia Rahman, a dermatologist who shared a number of helpful measures we can take to care for our skin. She reminds us that skincare is about more than vanity — it’s about vitality. We hope you’ll tune in again and enjoy.

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• Stanford Center on Longevity

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Zakia Rahman, a professor of dermatology at Stanford University.

(00:01:57) The Impact of Digital Technologies

How digital media shapes dermatology and self-perception

(00:03:13) Effects of Self-Image on Dermatology

Balancing vanity and vitality in modern skincare trends.

(00:04:38) The Role of Lasers in Dermatology

The uses and types of laser technology in dermatology.

(00:08:17) Lasers in Skin Cancer Treatment

How laser technology aids in the treatment and prevention of skin cancer.

(00:09:44) Progress in Skin Cancer

Skin cancer prevention and the effectiveness of sun protection measures.

(00:13:02) Effectiveness of Physical Sun Protection

Guidance on protecting from UV damage using physical sun protection.

(00:18:27) Ethnic Differences in Skin Health

Differences in skin health and sun exposure across ethnic groups.

(00:20:30) Tanning: Protective or Problematic?

The science behind tanning and the skin’s role as an endocrine organ.

(00:23:16) Aesthetics and Culture in Skin Care

How cultural perceptions of beauty intersect with skincare and health.

(00:25:38) Therapeutic Effects of Light

Potential benefits of red light exposure from masks and sunsets.

(00:28:28) Conclusion

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Guest Lisa Goldman Rosas is an authority on public health who says that food insecurity goes deeper than hunger and can lead to chronic diabetes, heart disease, and even anxiety and depression. Rosas champions a concept she calls “nutrition security,” which focuses on food’s health value over mere calories. She discusses her work with “Recipe4Health,” an Alameda County-led program that issues produce prescriptions, offers health coaching, and integrates electronic health records to improve diets and well-being. Food is medicine, Rosas tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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• Recipe4Health

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Lisa Goldman Rosas, a professor of epidemiology and population health, medicine and pediatrics at Stanford University.

(00:03:56) Journey Into Food & Health

Lisa’s path from environmental science to food security and medicine.

(00:05:54) Food Insecurity vs. Nutrition Security

Distinguishing between food insecurity and nutrition security.

(00:07:12) Food Choices Under Pressure

Factors that contribute to food insecurity in families.

(00:09:03) Health Impacts of Food Insecurity

Links between food insecurity, chronic illness and mental health issues.

(00:12:04) Government & Policy Support

How programs like SNAP and WIC support food access.

(00:14:15) Food as Medicine

A growing movement connecting healthcare with nutrition support.

(00:17:34) Trial Periods & Lasting Impact

Why short-term programs can help families discover healthier habits.

(00:21:27) What is Recipe4Health?

An outline of a clinic-based produce and behavior prescription program.

(00:24:07) When Disease Causes Food Insecurity

How expensive chronic disease can push people into food insecurity.

(00:24:23) Medicaid Waivers for Food Prescriptions

The state level policy shifts that allow food as a reimbursable health expense.

(00:26:27) Private Sector’s Role in Food Insecurity

How companies are getting involved in promoting healthy foods.

(00:27:34) Simple Tips for Eating Better

Strategies to make small but impactful changes for eating healthier.

(00:30:39) Conclusion

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Everyone has goals — some are monumental, others modest — but every goal matters. Join guest Szu-chi Huang, an expert in sustaining enthusiasm for individuals, customers, and employees across global corporations and organizations, as she delves into the science of motivation. Discover how the gap between where you are and where you want to be is bridged by a dynamic blend of psychology, sociology, behavioral economics, neuroscience, and the latest in AI. The secret to achieving your goals? Stay adaptable. If one approach falters, switch gears to keep your drive alive, Huang tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Szu-Chi Huang, professor of marketing at Stanford GSB.

(00:03:31) Studying Motivation

Szu-chi shares what led her to study motivational science

(00:04:03) Defining Motivation

Motivation as the drive to close the gap between current and ideal self.

(00:04:57) The Science of Motivation

Studying motivation through behavioral and neurological data.

(00:05:48) Why It Matters in Business

How motivation science applies to leaders, teams, and customers.

(00:06:39) Motivation Framework

The strategies needed in order to stay motivated over time.

(00:07:42) The Mindset of Motivation

The different mindsets needed throughout the stages of motivation.

(00:09:21) Motivating Kids to Choose Healthy

A Collaboration with UNICEF to study what motivates children.

(00:10:55) Gamified Coupons in Panama

A study using gamified coupons to influence children's food choices.

(00:14:26) Loyalty Programs as Motivation

How customer reward programs act as structured goal journeys.

(00:16:47) Progress Versus Purpose

The different incentives needed in each stage of loyalty programs.

(00:18:29) Retirement Saving Lessons

How financial institutions apply motivational science to long-term goals.

(00:21:12) Motivation in Social Context

The role of social connections in goal pursuit and sustaining motivation.

(00:26:10) Designing Apps for Motivation

How redesigning user interfaces can help users stay motivated.

(00:27:20) AI as a Motivation Coach

Using AI to personalize feedback across all stages of goal pursuit.

(00:30:09) Starting and Sustaining a Goal

Practical strategies for launching and sustaining a goal.

(00:31:57) Conclusion

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It’s graduation season here at Stanford and students are getting ready to collect their diplomas and take their education out into the real world. A couple years ago, we sat down with Tina Seelig, a professor in our Management Science and Engineering department who’s done a lot of research on how we can teach skills including imagination, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship — all things that can come in handy when you’re setting out to make a positive contribution to the world. We’re re-running this episode today, so whether you’re a new grad trying to figure out your next steps, or someone simply looking for a solution to a big challenge, we hope you’ll tune in again and be inspired. 

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Tina Seelig, professor of management science and engineering at Stanford University.

(00:02:04) Is Entrepreneurship Teachable?

Whether entrepreneurial traits can be learned or are innate.

(00:04:22) Parsing the Creative Process

Differences between imagination, creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship.

(00:05:52) Universality of Entrepreneurial Skills

How entrepreneurial skills apply to industries beyond tech.

(00:07:33) Teaching with Framestorming

A method to redefine problems before jumping to solutions.

(00:10:29) Framestorming vs Brainstorming

The concept of “framestorming” and why it’s critical for innovation.

(00:12:05) Inventing the Future Course

Tina’s course where students debate the ethics of emerging technologies.

(00:13:35) Creativity and Ethical Considerations

The importance of separating ideas from judgment while innovating.

(00:16:20) Anticipating the Downside

How students often identify ethical risks in technologies even experts miss.

(00:18:49) Creativity and Leadership

Why leaders need creative problem-solving and entrepreneurial thinking.

(00:19:42) Teaching Leadership

Cultivating leadership through values-driven education and training.

(00:21:01) Combatting Leadership Stereotypes

Creating diversity cohorts to show leadership comes in many forms.

(00:22:58) How to Engineer Your Own Luck

Outlining the differences between fortune, chance, and luck.

(00:25:50) The Micro-Decisions of Luck

How consistent effort and initiative lead to perceived “luck.”

(00:27:34) Conclusion

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Jason Yeatman is an expert in the neurobiology of literacy whose lab is fostering a virtuous research cycle between academia and school communities, aligning scientific inquiry with real-world needs of students, parents, and educators. His lab has developed ROAR – the Rapid Online Assessment of Reading—a gamified, web-based dyslexia screening tool. ROAR provides fast, precise, and scalable assessments, helping educators identify and get support to struggling students. We’re aligning cutting-edge reading science with the challenges teachers face every day, Yeatman tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Listen to the end to hear a question from one of our listeners for Professor Renee Zhao, as well as Professor Zhao's response. 

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

Episode Reference Links:

• Stanford Profile: Jason Yeatman
• Rapid Online Assessment of Reading (ROAR)
• Jason and his team just launched ROAR@Home BETA, a parent research portal. Any parent who listens can sign up for ROAR here - https://roar.stanford.edu/signup/

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces Jason Yeatman, a professor of pediatrics education and psychology at Stanford University.

(00:03:12) Why Reading?

Why Jason dedicated his career to studying reading acquisition.

(00:04:12) Are We Built to Read?

How reading is a relatively new invention using older brain systems.

(00:06:41) Reading as a Continuum

Whether reading ability is distributed like other genetic human traits.

(00:07:53) Defining Dyslexia

Reframing dyslexia as a label for support, not a binary diagnosis.

(00:10:19) Phonological Awareness

Understanding how speech sound recognition underpins reading.

(00:13:37) Nature vs. Nurture

The influence of both genetics and environment in reading ability.

(00:16:40) The Origin of ROAR

An online reading assessment tool created during the pandemic.

(00:19:06) ROAR’s Effectiveness

The accuracy in which ROAR can assess reading capability.

(00:22:45) Reading Interventions That Work

Expanding support with evidence-based interventions for all ages.

(00:25:25) Personalized Diagnoses

Tailoring interventions based on detailed individual skill diagnostics.

(00:26:36) Scaling ROAR

Scaling ROAR via an academic research-practice partnership model.

(00:29:34) Infrastructure Behind ROAR

The team and technology required to scale ROAR in schools.

(00:31:54) Future of Reading Assessment

Expanding ROAR to include other dimensions of reading development.

(00:33:44) Reading Across Languages

Why English poses more reading difficulties than many languages.

(00:35:34) Listener Q&A

New segment answering audience questions from past episodes.

(00:37:46) Conclusion

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Neurobiologist Jamie Zeitzer is an expert on sleep – or, more accurately, an expert on why so many can’t sleep. He notes that, ironically, it’s often anxiety about sleep that prevents good sleep. In short, we lose sleep over lost sleep. Wearables and other tools can help but only to a point, and medications do not induce natural sleep. Instead, he counsels consistent routines, less stimulation at bedtime, and cognitive behavioral therapy to reduce worry about insomnia. Unfortunately, you can’t work harder to get better sleep – you have to learn to relax, Zeitzer tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces guest Jamie Zeitzer, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University.

(00:03:12) Understanding Circadian Rhythms

How the biological clock regulates sleep and other body functions.

(00:04:57) The Mystery of Sleep’s Purpose

What is still unknown about the fundamental need for sleep.

(00:06:00) Light and the Circadian Clock

The impact light exposure has on the body’s internal sleep timing.

(00:08:13) Day and Night Light Contrast

The importance of creating a light-dark contrast for healthy rhythms.

(00:11:18) Phones, Screens, and the Blue Light

Whether blue light from screen use affects sleep quality.

(00:13:49) Defining and Diagnosing Sleep Problems

How stress and over-focus on sleep quality worsen insomnia.

(00:16:02) Sleep Anxiety and Wearables

The psychological downsides of sleep data from tracking devices.

(00:17:14) CBT-I and Rethinking Insomnia

Mentally reframing sleep with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

(00:21:21) Desynchronized Sleep Patterns

Studying student sleep patterns to separate circadian vs. sleep effects.

(00:23:49) Shift Work and Circadian Misalignment

The difficulty of re-aligning circadian clocks in rotating shifts.

(00:26:26) Effectiveness of Sleep Medications

The various drugs used to promote sleep and their pros and cons.

(00:29:46) Circadian “Sleep Cliff” and Melatonin

The brain’s “wake zone” before sleep and the limited effects of melatonin.

(00:32:52) Do’s & Don’ts for Better Sleep

Advice for those looking to improve their sleep quality.

(00:34:55) Alcohol and Caffeine Effects

How metabolism influences the effects of alcohol and caffeine on sleep.

(00:37:24) Conclusion

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Deborah Kado is a geriatrician who believes her field is misunderstood. Her interest in the science of aging began with a childhood encounter in a nursing home but recently resulted in intriguing work in which Kado linked microbes in the gut to vitamin D metabolism and poor sleep. Kado refuses to blame aging alone for health problems, advocating for better care regardless of age. It’s never too late to strive for better health, Kado tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Russ Altman introduces guest Deborah Kado, a professor of medicine and epidemiology at Stanford University.

(00:03:22) Origin Story in Geriatrics

How a childhood encounter led to Deborah’s career in geriatrics.

(00:06:04) Geriatrics vs. Gerontology

The clinical and research distinctions between the two related fields.

(00:06:58) Rethinking Aging

Reframing aging as a lifelong process rather than decline and loss.

(00:08:34) Patient Care Approach

Why symptoms should be investigated, not dismissed as inevitable aging.

(00:11:33) Linking Bone Health, Gut, and Brain

The surprising relationship between microbiomes, bones, and cognition.

(00:14:34) Vitamin D: Storage vs. Active Form

Why only the active form of vitamin D correlates with microbiome health.

(00:17:22) Gut Health and Sleep

How better sleep quality is linked to healthier microbiomes.

(00:21:20) Medical Education & Geriatric Training

The shortage of geriatrics training in U.S. medical schools.

(00:23:08) Measuring Geriatric Knowledge

The challenges and efforts to measure student knowledge about aging.

(00:27:24) Takeaways for Medical Professionals

Two anecdotes where symptoms were misattributed to old age.

(00:30:51) Empowering Aging Patients

Advice to aging individuals: agency, purpose, and not settling for less care.

(00:34:02) Conclusion

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It's teacher appreciation week and along with schools across the country, we here at The Future of Everything want to send out a heartfelt thank you to the teachers who make a difference every day in the lives of our children and in society as a whole. In light of this, we’re re-running an education related episode, and more specifically one on the future of educational technology with the Dean of the Stanford School of Education, Dan Schwartz. Dan is exploring effective ways to use AI in the classroom to support teachers–not to replace them–and to enhance student learning. We hope you’ll take a moment to tune in again and enjoy.

Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to [email protected].

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• Stanford Profile: Daniel Schwartz

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Chapters:

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Russ Altman introduces guest Dan Schwartz, Dean of the School of Education at Stanford University.

(00:01:44) The Role of AI in Modern Education

The widespread reactions and implications of AI in education.

(00:02:59) Technology in the Classroom

The historical and evolving relationship between technology and education.

(00:04:51) Engaging Students with AI

How AI can enhance engagement through innovative teaching.

(00:07:45) Impact of AI on Student Learning

The balance between AI tools and maintaining educational standards.

(00:13:21) Challenges with EdTech Collaboration

Concerns about industry prioritizing speed over creativity in learning tools.

(00:15:23) Teachers Adapting to AI

The role of teachers in effectively integrating AI into the classroom.

(00:18:21) Assessment and Grading with AI

The potential and concerns of using AI for educational assessment

(00:22:16) AI and Conceptual Understanding

How AI can shift focus from task completion to true understanding.

(00:24:49) Physical Activity and Learning

The connection between physical activity and improved learning outcomes.

(00:28:59) Conclusion

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