Behind the Pahlavi dynasty were three politicians: the kingmakers who orchestrated Reza Khan’s rise and shaped his rule. But as Reza Shah tightened his grip on power, this alliance of three faced exile, prison, and death

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Additional listening: AIOC

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Three men—Firouz Nosrat al-Dowleh, Abdolhossein Teymourtash, and Ali Akbar Davar—once formed a powerful alliance that reshaped modern Iran. Each brought unique strengths: Firouz, a reform-minded aristocrat; Teymourtash, a cunning political operator; and Davar, a man who came from nothing and had fought his way into power. They all supported Reza Khan’s rise to power and helped implement major reforms once the Pahlavi Dynasty was established.

But as Reza Shah consolidated his power, he became suspicious of his close allies, removing them from his circle of trust one by one.

Firouz Nosrat al-Dowleh was from a prominent Qajar family and served in various ministerial roles. Though he initially signed the unpopular Anglo-Persian Agreement and lost his position, his allies supported his return to government. He played a central role in financing national projects like the Trans-Iranian Railway but was later arrested on corruption charges. His connections to foreign diplomats and past political baggage made Reza Shah suspicious. He was imprisoned, tried, and eventually exiled.

Teymourtash, once Reza Shah’s closest advisor and Minister of Court, helped manage the administration and drive modernization efforts. Over time, his influence declined, especially after a failed oil negotiation with the British and increasing foreign criticism of the Shah. Reza Shah dismissed him, accused him of corruption, and sent him to Qasr Prison. There, after surviving an attempted poisoning, he was ultimately killed by suffocation.

The same system they helped build first put both men at the center of the state’s reforms, then removed and eliminated them. Their downfall reflected Reza Shah’s growing authoritarianism and mistrust of his own inner circle.

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A torn-out contract, a paranoid shah, and Iran’s most lucrative resource. With Iran’s oil deal up for renewal, Reza Shah clashes with the British and grows suspicious of his closest allies.

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Additional listening: APOC (Book one – Ep.3):

In the early 20th century, Iran’s oil reserves became the center of a power struggle between the Iranian government and the British-controlled Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). The original agreement granting Britain access to Iran’s oil, signed in 1901 under Mozaffar al-Din Shah, had long been a source of resentment. Over time, British companies manipulated accounting practices to minimize Iran’s profits. This left the Iranian government with a fraction of what it was owed.

By the 1920s, a new power had emerged in Iran: Reza Khan. He was a military leader who, after consolidating his rule, became Reza Shah. With ambitious plans to modernize and strengthen Iran, he sought to renegotiate the oil agreement. He wanted to secure more revenue for the country. His most trusted minister, Abdolhossein Teymourtash, led the negotiations with the British. He demanded a greater share of profits and a more equitable deal.

However, the British, now a global superpower with diversified oil sources, were unwilling to make meaningful concessions. Thus, negotiations stalled, and tensions between Reza Shah and Teymourtash grew. In 1932, frustrated by the lack of progress, Reza Shah abruptly ended the discussions by burning the oil agreement and expelling Teymourtash from his government.

This led to a fresh round of negotiations, with the British bypassing Iran’s ministers and appealing directly to Reza Shah. In a surprising turn, the Shah, who had built his image on resisting foreign exploitation, accepted nearly all of Britain’s demands. Although Iran’s share of profits was slightly increased, the British continued to manipulate their financial reporting through the AIOC company, ensuring that the fundamental imbalance remained unchanged.

Despite the disappointing outcome, state propaganda portrayed the agreement as a victory, claiming that Iran had regained its dignity. But in reality, little had changed—the country remained bound to a colonial oil contract. This time under the name of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. (AIOC)

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A new king, a unified nation, and a country on the brink of transformation. As Reza Shah Pahlavi seizes power, he reshapes Iran with relentless ambition, even at the cost of its democracy.

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The Qajar dynasty had left Iran fragmented, with weak central authority and little control over its vast resources. Reza Shah sought to address these challenges by consolidating power through military, economic, and infrastructural reforms.

A major reform was the introduction of compulsory military service in 1925. This helped create a unified national army and reduce the influence of regional tribes. While the law faced opposition from landowners and the clergy—who feared it would weaken their power—it was essential for centralizing control. Another major initiative was the Trans-Iranian Railway, completed in 1938, which connected Iran’s northern and southern regions. This project significantly improved transportation and boosted the economy. It helped integrate the country by linking distant regions, which had long been isolated due to difficult terrain.

Reza Shah also focused on modernizing Iran’s economy. He established state monopolies on critical goods like tea, sugar, opium, and tobacco, and created the Bank Melli to take control of the nation’s finances. These steps were aimed at reducing foreign influence and asserting Iran’s economic independence. He also expanded the financial sector. He made sure that the state had full control over the country’s financial system, which was crucial for sustaining his vision of a self-sufficient Iran.

By the end of his reign, Iran had undergone significant transformations, with improved infrastructure, a more powerful and unified military, and a stronger, more centralized economy. However, Reza Shah’s increasing authoritarianism, as he focused more on personal power and control, began to overshadow the other pillars of his rule. This shift contributed to growing political tensions, laying the groundwork for future challenges in Iran’s political landscape.

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In the aftermath of the parliament’s vote to abolish the Qajar dynasty, Reza Khan and his team lay the groundwork for his ascension to the throne and his official coronation as the new king.

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On October 31, 1925, with the vote of Iran’s National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) the Qajar dynasty was officially abolished, and Reza Khan became the leader. The transition was marked by the dismissal of the Qajar royal family. This included Mohammad Hassan Mirza, the brother of the last Qajar king. Despite some resistance, the Iranian elite largely accepted the change, though the general populace remained indifferent or unaware of the political shift.Reza Khan made an early effort to gain support by aligning himself with Islamic religious figures.

Reza Khan convened a Constituent Assembly to legitimize his rule. In December 1925, the assembly formalized his ascension to the throne, making the Pahlavi family the new royal house. Internationally, Reza Khan swiftly gained recognition. With Britain, the Soviet Union, and others acknowledging his new regime, tensions with Britain arose over diplomatic precedence. While Reza Khan was tying up loose ends, Ahmad Shah tried to make a case for his return. He wanted to fight against the abolishment, but his claims went nowhere.

In December 1925, the constituent assembly swore Reza Khan in as the king of Persia. His first royal act was to build a new cabinet, appointing trusted figures like Ali Akbar Davar and Abdol Hosein Teimurtash, who would play crucial roles in shaping the early Pahlavi state. Reza Khan’s coronation took place in April 1926 with a simple yet dignified ceremony, signifying the start of a new dynasty.

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As Iran’s exiled king prepares to return, the parliament grants Prime Minister sweeping powers. With the help of his rivals, Reza Khan sets out to dismantle the century-old Qajar Dynasty.

Book One Recap: Audio, Video

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Reza Khan, a soldier from humble origins, rose to prominence in early 20th-century Iran. He was driven by a desire to restore stability to a country ravaged by years of mismanagement. Initially serving in the Cossack Brigade, he seized control of the military in 1921 through a military coup. His effective governance and ability to unite a fractured army won him support, but his increasing power also attracted opposition. Particularly from Hassan Moddares, a prominent cleric and politician.

In a strategic move, Reza Khan won over Moddares, who, despite being a vocal critic, eventually supported granting Reza Khan the title of Commander-in-Chief. This title, although legally ambiguous, solidified Reza Khan’s hold on power, making him virtually untouchable. Through negotiations, Moddares extracted concessions, including cabinet positions for his allies, and Reza Khan began to realize that the Qajar monarchy, with its weak and ineffective leadership, was no longer a viable institution.

By late 1925, Reza Khan’s momentum was undeniable. He manipulated public sentiment through orchestrated protests, portraying the Qajar monarchs as out-of-touch and ineffective. At the same time, he secured the backing of foreign powers, including the Soviets and Turkey, who were more aligned with his vision for Iran’s future. Reza Khan then turned to parliament, securing a resolution that abolished the Qajar dynasty once and for all, marking the end of a centuries-old era.

With the fall of the Qajars, Reza Khan prepared to establish his own dynasty, paving the way for the birth of Iran’s next monarchy and changing Iran’s political landscape forever.

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The Qajar dynasty was the embodiment of ineffectiveness. Tyrants incapable of true tyranny.

This is the story of their demise.

Season two of The Lion and the Sun Podcast will start next week. If you’re new to this show, we suggest starting with book one and working your way here! But if you’re not into revisiting the past or are one of our older listeners who has already listened to the previous season, this recap could be a great way for you to catch up with the story.

The Lion and the Sun is a podcast about the modern history of Iran. Its a story of how Iran ended up where it is now and how religion, monarchy, democracy, and nationalism shaped the lives of its people across the 20th century.

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Down with the Qajars. Long Live Reza Shah.

Listen to new chapters from January 29th.

As we’re recording this, Iran is experiencing a wide range of issues.

Both internal turmoil and external conflicts. 

But the fascinating thing about this statement is that it doesn’t matter when you’re listening to this podcast. It could be a week from now, a month, or even years.

No matter the time, the above sentence will hold as much truth then as it has now.

Iran is a rather peculiar place. A country with over 2000 years of history that has always been at the center of world events. From the days of the Achaemenid empire and the Persian wars with the Greeks to their Islamic revolution of 1979 and their constant conflict with the West.

Yet, despite this vast history, for many Iranians, no era looms as large as the Pahlavi dynasty. Despite being one of the shortest reigns in Persia’s long history, its legacy remains embedded in the nation’s collective memory.

The last true dynasty to rule Iran.

In book two of The Lion and the Sun, we turn our focus to the Pahlavi dynasty and its founder. A man who rose from obscurity, dismantled an ancient monarchy, and declared himself king; establishing a new order under his name.

Loved by some and reviled by others, his influence on the nation is undeniable, shaping its modern identity.

This season, we delve into the life of Reza Shah: his meteoric rise to power, the sweeping changes he brought to Iran, his ruthless pragmatism and his ultimate demise.

The second season of The Lion and the Sun begins on January 29 and new chapters will be released every other week.

You can listen to season one here or on all podcast platforms.

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The post Book Two Trailer appeared first on The Lion and The Sun Podcast.

Reza Khan’s army marches toward Arabistan, Khaz’al tries to unite local tribes against the government and the battle for Arabistan reaches its breaking point.

This is part two of a special episode of The Lion and the Sun to celebrate reaching 100k downloads. Listen to part one here.

Thank you so much for your support and for listening to our show.

We’ll be back in January 2025 with season 2!

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Sheikh Khaz’al al-Ka’bi had long defied Tehran’s authority, ruling his province autonomously, with British support cemented by the discovery of oil in 1908. This autonomy made Khuzestan, or Arabistan as it was then known, a strategic prize. Reza Khan, driven by a vision of national unity, viewed such tribal independence as a barrier to modernization.

Reza Khan’s ambitions initially faced obstacles, including the fragmented nature of Iran’s armed forces and British interests in the region. But over time, he unified the military, consolidated power, and prepared for his move against Khaz’al. Sensing the threat, Khaz’al sought alliances with other tribes and even appealed to the exiled Qajar king for support, but his influence proved insufficient.

Reza Khan strategically reshuffled his cabinet to neutralize Khaz’al’s allies and launched his campaign. British authorities, recognizing the shifting dynamics, withdrew their support for the sheikh. Left isolated, Khaz’al attempted to negotiate, eventually offering an apology to Reza Khan. However, Reza Khan’s plans were already set in motion, and his army occupied Khuzestan, formally reasserting control and renaming the province from Arabistan back to Khuzestan.

Though the conflict ended without bloodshed, Khaz’al’s autonomy was gone. Reza Khan had achieved his goal of centralizing power, but the victory marked only the beginning of a tense relationship between Iran and the British over control of the region’s oil resources. Khaz’al, placed under house arrest in Tehran, lived out his remaining years in isolation, with occasional visits from Reza Khan, who both respected and neutralized his former rival.

This triumph paved the way for Reza Khan’s future reign as king, setting the stage for new challenges that would emerge in the following years. The episode underscores the intricate interplay of ambition, diplomacy, and power struggles that shaped modern Iran.

Soundridemusic – Stranger

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A defiant Sheikh, a province rich in oil, and Reza Khan’s push to unify a fractured Iran. The story of Arabistan and how one local tribe became the biggest threat to Persia.

This is a special two-part episode of The Lion and the Sun to celebrate reaching 100k downloads. Thank you so much for your support and for listening to our show.

We’ll be back in January 2025 with season 2!

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For early access to episodes, become a supporter on Patreon.

In 1922, Iran faced a pivotal moment in its history as the country struggled to recover from the devastation of World War I. The weak Qajar dynasty grappled with economic instability and widespread corruption, leaving many regions of Iran operating autonomously.

One such region was Khuzestan. A province stretching from the Zagros Mountains to the Persian Gulf. Despite its harsh climate, Khuzestan held immense value due to its vast oil fields discovered in the early 20th century. This province, often referred to as Arabistan, fell under the control of Sheikh Khaz’al al-Kaʽbi, the powerful leader of the Banu Ka’b tribe.

Sheikh Khaz’al rose to prominence in 1897, inheriting his brother’s wealth and tribal territories. He cultivated strong ties with the British government, which saw Khuzestan as a critical strategic asset. The sheikh’s influence grew dramatically following the discovery of oil in Masjid Soleiman in 1908, transforming the region into Britain’s most valuable holding in Iran.

The British rewarded Khaz’al’s cooperation with shares in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and knighted him in 1917, granting him the title of Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. Emboldened by British support, Sheikh Khaz’al began to operate independently from the central Persian government. He refused to pay taxes or provide accounting for the customs duties he collected.

Meanwhile, in Tehran, a significant political shift occurred in 1921 when Reza Khan, a military leader, seized power through a coup. Reza Khan envisioned a unified Iran with a strong central government. He viewed the autonomy of tribal leaders like Sheikh Khaz’al as a threat to national progress and modernization.

The conflict between Reza Khan’s centralization efforts and Sheikh Khaz’al’s entrenched power came to a head in 1922. The cash-strapped central government in Tehran issued a formal request to Sheikh Khaz’al, demanding he settle his long-overdue accounts with the capital. Despite advice from British representatives to reach a compromise, Khaz’al, confident in his position, chose to ignore the government’s demands.

This act of defiance provided Reza Khan with the justification he needed to take action against the powerful sheikh. The stage was set for a showdown between the central government’s vision of a unified Iran and the longstanding autonomy of tribal leaders.

Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen – Path to the Abyss

Piotr Hummel – Demons

Piotr Hummel – Phenomenal

Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen – The Dawning

The post Book One – Special Episode: Arabistan (1) appeared first on The Lion and The Sun Podcast.

In the season finale of the podcast, Reza Khan aims for total control, the young shah flees his country and Iran braces itself for a brave new world.

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Listen to all book one episodes on our website.

Persia had been rocked by political instability in the years following World War I. Prime ministers had come and gone, unable to establish a stable government amidst the chaos. However, Reza Khan had emerged as a powerful figure. He leveraged his position to exert his influence over the successive administrations and even Ahmad Shah.

Reza Khan’s ambitious military spending and unwavering demands led to a wheat shortage in the capital, sparking public outrage. This provided an opportunity for Reza Khan’s rivals, such as Mosaddegh and Modarres, to challenge his actions. But Reza Khan navigated the political landscape with skill, eventually securing the position of Prime Minister after Ahmad Shah’s departure.

Inspired by the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Reza Khan launched a campaign to transform Persia into a republic, with himself as the first president. However, this plan faced fierce opposition from the religious faction in the parliament. This was led by Modarres, who feared that Reza Khan’s quest for power will diminish the role of Islam in the country.

The confrontation between Reza Khan and the pro-monarchy forces culminated in a dramatic showdown in the parliament. There, Reza Khan’s bill for a republic was ultimately defeated. Undeterred, Reza Khan regained his footing. Through a series of political maneuvers, he managed to consolidate his power further, effectively becoming the king regent. Reducing the Qajar dynasty to a mere formality.

Reza Khan was determined to remove the Qajar stain from Iran’s history. He moved to establish a new dynasty in his own name, setting the stage for the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty in the next season of the podcast.

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