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Overview

1. Urinalysis
   1. Color & Clarity
   2. Protein
   3. RBC
   4. WBC
   5. Glucose
   6. Specific gravity
   7. Ketones
   8. pH
   9. Bilirubin/Urobilinogen

Nursing Points General

1. Normal value range
   1. Color & Clarity
      1. Normal – Yellow
         1. Other colors
            1. Drug interactions
               1. Propofol  – green
               2. Methylene blue – blue/green
            2. Trauma
               1. Red/Brown
            3. Liver failure
               1. Brown/tea colored
         2. Clear – Normal
            1. Cloudy
               1. Cell or contaminant related
            2. Turbid
               1. Severe presence of cells (WBC, RBC)
   2. pH
      1. ~6
         1. Changes in body condition can change pH
         2. Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
   3. Protein
      1. 0-trace
      2. Glomerular permeability/infection
   4. RBC
      1. 0-2
      2. Bleeding
      3. Trauma/injury  below kidneys
   5. WBC
      1. Negative
      2. Sepsis/Infection/UTI
   6. Glucose
      1. Negative
      2. Diabetes
   7. Ketones
      1. Negative
      2. Presence of ketones can indicate endocrine disease like Diabetes
   8. Urine Specific Gravity
      1. 1.010-1.030
      2. Facilities vary
      3. Ability to concentrate urine
      4. Hydration
         1. Overhydration
            1. Decreased USG
         2. Dehydration
            1. Increased USG
      5. Diabetes insipidus
         1. Causes increased diuresis
      6. SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone)
         1. Causes decreased diuresis
   9. Bilirubin/Urobilinogen
      1. Negative
         1. Presence indicates potential liver problems

Nursing Concepts

1. Lab Values
2. Elimination