Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Councils by exploring the uprising against the Catholic Church in Europe known as the Protestant Reformation. But was it really a reformation, or was it a revolution? Who were the key players in this movement, and did the movement ultimately succeed in its goals?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

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* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Video: General Councils 13: Lateran V and Trent - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* 95 Theses - Martin Luther

* Papal Encyclicals Online: Exsurge Domine - Condemning the Errors of Martin Luther - Pope Leo X - 1520

* Papal Encyclicals Online: Decet Romanum Pontificem - Papal Bull of Excommunication of Martin Luther and his followers - Pope Leo X - 1521

* Episode 56: Indulgences - The Most Misunderstood Catholic Doctrine

* Episode 120: The Deuterocanonicals and Protestant Budget Bibles

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

* Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

* Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism

* Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418)

* Episode 169: The Council of Florence (1431-1445)

* Episode 170: The Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517)

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils by The Fifth Lateran Council. How did the Age of Discovery influence the Church? What were some of the major problems scandalizing the Catholic faith? And how did the Church’s 18th ecumenical council prove to be too little too late?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

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* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Video: General Councils 12: The Councils of Lyons II & Florence - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Papal Encyclicals Online: The Fifth Lateran Council

* Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fifth Lateran Council

* Episode 112: Not all Popes are Saints

* Showtime Series - The Borgias

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

* Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

* Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism

* Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418)

* Episode 169: The Council of Florence (1431-1445)

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Councils, Justin Hibbard talks about the Council of Florence, which occurred in Basel, Ferrara, Florence, and Rome. What began as an attempt to thwart papal supremacy led to one of the most potentially significant councils in history as the Eastern Greek Church united with the Western Latin Church. Would that unity survive?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

* Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube.

* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Video: General Councils 12: The Councils of Lyons II & Florence - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Papal Encyclicals Online: The Council of Florence

* Catholic Encyclopedia: The Council of Florence

* Ancient Faith Radio: Bishops-Part 42: The Council of Florence (Orthodox Source)

* Laetentur Caeli

* Episode 63: Not all Catholics are Roman Catholic

* Shameless Popery: Why I’m not Orthodox

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

* Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

* Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism

* Episode 168: The Council of Constance (1414-1418)

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Council by examining the 16th Council - the Council of Constance, which met to solve the dilemma of three rival popes. How did the council solve the Great Western Schism, and how did it address some of the forerunners of Protestantism?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

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* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Video: General Councils 11: The Council of Constance - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Papal Encyclicals Online: The Council of Constance (1414-18)

* Catholic Encyclopedia: The Council of Constance

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

* Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

* Episode 167: The Avignon Papacy & The Great Western Schism

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical by examining the history between the Councils of Vienne and Constance. Why did the papacy move from Rome to Avignon? Who were the seven French Popes that make up the Avignon Papacy? And how did the return of the papacy to Rome lead to the Great Western Schism where three men claimed to be the rightful Pope?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

* Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube.

* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Nine Popes in Avignon

* Catholic Answers: Was Avignon the Babylon of the West

* Video: General Councils 11: The Council of Constance - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Unam Santam - Pope Boniface VIII

* Video: The Palace of the Popes in Avignon

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

* Episode 166: The Council of Vienne (1311-1312)

In continuation of our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils, Justin Hibbard uncovers one of the most controversial councils - the Council of Vienne (Vienne, France… not Vienna, Austria). How did this council become a puppet of the French Monarch, begin the Avignon Papacy, and result in the unjust dissolution of the Knights Templar?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

* Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube.

* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* The Council of Vienne - Papal Encyclicals Online

* Second Council of Vienne - New Advent

* Video: General Councils 10: Lyons I and Vienne - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Unam Santam - Pope Boniface VIII

* The Types of Papal Documents and Weight of Each

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

* Episode 165: The Second Council of Lyon (1274)

It’s the end of the Great Schism between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church! Well… sort of. Justin Hibbard continues our series on the Catholic Church’s 14th ecumenical council - the Second council of Lyon, where Pope Gregory X tackled ending the Great Schism, the crusades, papal election reform, and a few other reforms.

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

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* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* The Second Council of Lyons. - Papal Encyclicals Online

* Second Council of Lyons - New Advent

* Episode #114 - The History of Papal Elections

* Episode #63 - Not All Catholics are Roman Catholic

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

* Episode 164: The First Council of Lyon (1245)

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Council by examining the 13th general council. How did an unruly emperor lead to this council and force it take take place in France?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

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* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* First Council of Lyons - 1245 - Papal Encyclicals Online

* First Council of Lyons (1243) - New Advent

* Video: General Councils 10: Lyons I and Vienne - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* Episode #56 - Indulgences: the Most Misunderstood Catholic Doctrine

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

* Episode 163: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils with an examination of the Catholic Church’s 12th council - the Fourth Lateran Council. What made this different than the other three Lateran councils that occurred in rapid succession, and why is it considered the most influential council of the Middle Ages and one of the most impactful in Church history?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

* Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube.

* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Fourth Lateran Council 1179 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online

* Fourth Lateran Council - New Advent

* Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

* The Pillar Sunday School: Feast of the Dedication of the Lateran Basilica

* Episode #58 - No Salvation Outside the Church

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)

* Episode 162: The Third Lateran Council (1179)

Justin Hibbard continues our series on the 21 Ecumenical Church Councils by explaining the Catholic Church’s 11th council - the Third Lateran Council. How did a 20-year schism made up of 4 antipopes lead to this council, and what reforms did this council seek to implement for both the Church and general society?

SOCIAL LINKS

* Follow Why Catholic on Instagram.

* Subscribe to Why Catholic on YouTube.

* Follow Justin on Facebook.

SOURCES:

* The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History by Joseph Kelly

* Third Lateran Council 1179 A.D. - Papal Encyclicals Online

* Third Lateran Council - New Advent

* Video: General Councils 9: Lateran 1-4 - Fr Timothy Matkin - St Francis Dallas

PREVIOUS EPISODES IN THIS SERIES

* Episode 146: Introduction to the 21 Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 147: The World that Led to the Council of Nicaea

* Episode 148: The First Council of Nicaea (325)

* Episode 149: From Nicaea to Constantinople

* Episode 150: The First Council of Constantinople (381)

* Episode 151: The Council of Ephesus (431)

* Episode 152: The Council of Chalcedon (451)

* Episode 153: The Second Council of Constantinople (553)

* Episode 154: War Among the Monotheists

* Episode 155: The Third Council of Constantinople (680-681)

* Episode 156: The Second Council of Nicaea (787)

* Episode 157: Reflections on the First Seven Ecumenical Councils

* Episode 158: The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869-870)

* Episode 159: The Great Schism

* Episode 160: The First Lateran Council (1123)

* Episode 161: The Second Lateran Council (1139)