In this episode, we continue exploring the four causes of materiality (rupa) in the human body, focusing on the last two: climate (utu) and food (ahara). Drawing from both Buddhist teachings and modern science, we look at how the environment and nutrition continuously shape our physical form and health.

Climate influences the body across time—from the gradual evolution of skin color and physiology over thousands of years to immediate effects like frostbite, heatstroke, or illness. Food, meanwhile, serves as the most direct cause of material change, creating either balance or disease through what we consume.

Together with kamma and consciousness, these four causes show how body and mind interdependently arise and transform. The talk concludes with a reminder that while past karma sets the conditions of our lives, through mindfulness, wise attention, and wholesome actions, we can reshape our present and future well-being.

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