In this episode, we explore the epidemiology of valvular disease, and then jump in to aortic stenosis, focusing on the presentation, grading of severity, measurement of gradients on invasive and non-invasive modalities, and calculation of valve area. What is Heyde's syndrome? What is the Gallavardin phenomenon? What is pulsus parvus et tardus? What are the cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe AS in dimensionless index, and what two variables make up the dimensionless index? What are the Gorlin and Hakki formulas for calculating aortic valve area? Why is the aortic stenosis gradient invariably different when measured on invasive catheterization vs transthoracic echocardiogram? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Intermediate

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