In what settings should you use the H₂FPEF, HFA-PEFF, and HFpEF-ABA scores in the diagnosis of HFpEF? What are HFpEF mimics? What is the difference between OMT and GDMT? Why is finerenone now preferred over spironolactone as the mineralocorticoid antagonist of choice in HFpEF? In which HFpEF patients should semaglutide or tirzepatide be prescribed? Why should ACE inhibitors be avoided in HFpEF, and which RAAS agents are actually supported by evidence? In which specific subgroups of HFpEF patients should sacubitril/valsartan be considered? Should HFpEF patients be given beta blockade? Which diabetes medications should be avoided in HFpEF patients, and which should replace them? How does the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic framework help prioritize therapies with overlapping benefits across heart failure, diabetes, CKD, and obesity? Watch for answers to these key questions and more in this deep dive of the 2026 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/HazAsFCjiAI

Difficulty Level: Medium

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Why did the 2026 universal definition abandon specific numerical cutoffs for HFrEF and HFpEF? What are the three positive trajectories that can emerge from symptomatic HF? How do impHF (heart failure with improvement), remHF (heart failure with remission), and recHF (heart failure with recovery) differ from one another? What is the distinction between worsening HF and decompensated HF? What are the categories in the new Universal Classification of HF by Cause? How does the cause of HF differ between geographic regions? Watch for answers to these key questions and more in this deep dive of the 2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure.

Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/MR20wFklefg

Difficulty Level: Easy

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When should apoB be measured? In whom should lipoprotein(a) be measured? Should LDL-C be calculated by the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, or Sampson-NIH equations? How do the PREVENT-ASCVD equations differ from the Pooled Cohort Equations? How long is a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score of 0 "good for"? How should CAC scoring be used to guide statin initiation and intensity? What are the new LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apoB targets for secondary prevention? What counts as "very high-risk" ASCVD, and how does treatment differ? In which patients should bempedoic acid, inclisiran, or olezarsen be added? Watch for answers to these key questions and more in this "deep dive" of the 2026 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Management of Dyslipidemia.

Watch on YouTube: https://youtu.be/yHXL_dH8zCo

Difficulty Level: Easy

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What is the new 2026 classification for acute pulmonary embolism? What is the respiratory modifier? What category encompasses normotensive shock? What is the difference between the PESI score, sPESI score, Hestia score, and CPES score? Should LMWH or unfractionated heparin be used for initial parenteral anticoagulation for PE? What anticoagulation agent for PE is recommended in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, chronic kidney disease, brain tumors, or pregnancy? In which patients is systemic lysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, or surgery appropriate? How should clot-in-transit be managed? Is there a role for pulmonary vasodilators? How should vasopressors be dosed in acute PE? How is CTEPD different from CTEPH? How long should anticoagulation be continued after PE? Watch for answers to these key questions in this "deep dive" of the 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults — the first-ever dedicated AHA/ACC guideline on acute PE.This episode also available on YouTube: https://youtu.be/rE-I4Jwq1UA

Difficulty Level: Easy

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What right ventricular end-systolic volume should guide timing of pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot? At what pulmonary vascular resistance can closure be pursued for an atrial septal defect in patients with pulmonary hypertension? How often should Fontan patients receive liver imaging and alpha-fetoprotein screening? Should patients with Eisenmenger syndrome be routinely anticoagulated? What is the maternal mortality risk for pregnancy in Eisenmenger syndrome? Should most pregnant patients with adult congenital heart disease undergo cesarean delivery? Should cyanotic ACHD patients undergo prophylactic phlebotomy? Can ACHD patients participate in competitive sports? Watch for answers to these key questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease.Difficulty Level: Advanced

This episode also available on YouTube: https://youtu.be/IYTn5bjiHqY

Difficulty Level: Intermediate

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What is the new term for hypertensive urgency? When is single-pill combination antihypertensive indicated? Do ACEI/ARB, MRA, and thiazide or potassium-sparing diuretics need to be held for initial testing of primary aldosteronism? In what neurologic condition should systolic BP be acutely lowered to 130-139 mmHg for 7 days, but not lower than 130 mmHg? Does BP control reduce the risk of dementia? In whom is renal denervation indicated and not indicated? Tune in for answers to these questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults.

Watch on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkObt8kU9Es

Difficulty Level: Easy

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Can music help us understand cardiac arrhythmias? 🎵💓 In this special podcast episode, I explore how musical notation can be used to visualize and "hear" ECG rhythms, providing an intuitive and structured approach to learning atrial fibrillation, AV blocks, ventricular tachycardia, and more. By "hearing" arrhythmias and "reading" them in a musical framework, trainees can develop an alternative approach to ECG interpretation, reinforcing pattern recognition through both visual and auditory learning modalities.Musical score published in JACC Clinical Electrophysiology:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2025.02.022📖 Musical notation as a novel framework for ECG teaching:🎼 Atrial activity (P waves) = High-pitched chimes🥁 Ventricular beats (QRS complexes) = Low-pitched snare drumNote Durations Reflect Physiological Intervals:🔹 P wave = 32nd note → Approximates a normal PR interval (120-200 ms)🔹 PR prolongation (1° AV block) = 16th note → Reflects delay in AV node conduction🔹 Dropped beats (2° AV block) = Missing notes → Represent non-conducted impulses🔹 Rapid rhythms (VT, SVT) = Increased tempo → Matches clinical tachycardia rates🔹 Irregular rhythms (AFib, MAT) = Variable note spacing → Captures unpredictable R-R intervalsThis lecture is designed for medical students, cardiology fellows, electrophysiologists, and music lovers who want to experience a new way of learning cardiology! I have also provided this talk to JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology as a Supplemental Video. Please see the paper here.

Tweetorial: https://x.com/ruey_hu/status/1919074533354656101🔔 Subscribe for more cardiology and medical education content!📢 Leave a comment below: What other arrhythmias can be represented through classical music notation? Let’s discuss!#Cardiology #MedicalEducation #ECG #Arrhythmia #MusicAndMedicine #Electrophysiology #HeartRhythm

Should non-culprit lesions be revascularized in STEMI and NSTEMI? Should revascularization of non-culprit lesions occur in a simultaneous or staged manner? How do these recommendations differ when acute MI presents with cardiogenic shock? When DAPT is reduced to SAPT, which P2Y12 inhibitor is favored for monotherapy? When is de-escalation from ticagrelor/prasugrel to clopidogrel reasonable? In post-PCI patients requiring antithrombotic therapy, what should the duration of triple therapy be, and what is the P2Y12 inhibitor of choice? What is the role of Impella, IABP, and VA-ECMO in ACS with cardiogenic shock? Tune in for answers to these questions in this "deep dive" of the 2025 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Bonus – Accompanying YouTube Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MccydgyxK_I

Difficulty Level: Intermediate

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In this episode, we review congenital single ventricle, including physiology, surgical repair, and long-term management. What are the different types of univentricular heart defects, and how do they affect the systemic and pulmonary circulations? What are the three steps of staged surgical repair for single ventricle, and what are the indications for each? What is the difference between classic (unidirectional) Glenn surgery and bidirectional Glenn surgery? What is the difference between classic Fontan surgery, direct RA-to-PA Fontan, lateral tunnel Fontan, and extracardiac Fontan? What are the common post-repair complications, including arrhythmias, Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD), and thrombosis, and how are these complications managed? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Advanced

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this episode, we review transposition of the great arteries (TGA), including the physiology, imaging, repair strategies, and potential complications. What is the difference between D-TGA (complete TGA) and L-TGA (congenitally corrected TGA), and why are they named D- and L-? How does blood flow through the heart in D-TGA, and why is a shunt necessary for survival? What imaging features help identify what is serving as a right ventricle versus a left ventricle? What do the atrial switch (Mustard, Senning), arterial switch (Jatene), and Rastelli surgeries entail, and what are their complications? In what subset of D-TGA patients is the Rastelli surgery indicated? How can you distinguish truncus arteriosus from tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia on imaging? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Advanced

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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