Creative leaning techniques, rusty cylinders, and odd manifold pressure indications are on tap this time.

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Old engines, rusty airplanes, and a strange valve incident are the puzzlers for Mike, Paul, and Colleen this episode. Send your questions to [email protected] for a chance to get on the show.

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John has a Beech Musketeer who had an unusual situation with his valve. The valve seat separated from the cylinder barrel and dropped down, striking the piston crown. He's wondering if he did anything to cause this, despite never exceeding 425 degrees CHT. The hosts agree that it was probably a manufacturing error, even though the cylinder had a few hundred hours on it. Mike said the only way this can happen is with a manufacturing problem or a high heat event.

Larry has an early SR22 with 3,300 hours on the engine. It's not in need of an overhaul now, but Larry has read those early SR22 cases are more robust, and he's wondering when the time comes if he should overhaul or do a factory reman. The hosts aren't aware of any particular issues that make cases from that generation better, but they do offer some sound advice on the reman versus overhaul question. Mike said that if the engine has been treating him well that Larry should overhaul it. And if it's been a lemon, send it off and get a new one from the factory. Larry is a little worried about resale, since people are skiddish with high-time engines. Mike suggests that an airplane with run-out engines is the best investment because it's been fully depreciated. Any additional time is essentially free.

Terry has been looking for a 182 and he saw one in California with corrosion. He wonders how much corrosion is too much. Paul said that according to Terry's photos, he wouldn't think twice about buying the airplane. The general rule is that you can take off only 10 percent of a structure and not worry about it. The skin on top of the wing where the corrosion can be seen is only 25 thousandth of an inch, which means you could only take off 2.5 thousandth of an inch and still use that skin. White splotching can be seen in the photos, and Paul said it's common for airplanes of that vintage, and not to repair it. Instead, he recommends spraying it with ACF-50 or Corrosion-X every few years. Doing so will stop the spread and not allow any further damage.

Pre-emptive engine overhauls, upgrading an old electrical system, spark plug anti-seize, and old wood wing concerns are on tap for this episode.

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Lance inherited some furniture that had lived in the Midwest for 200 years, and began splitting after only a few years after he moved to Salt Lake City. He's wondering if the same concern would hold with wood wings, like those on the Bellanca Viking. The hosts say not to worry. The wood spars are lathered with a varnish that helps keep out moisture, Sitka spruce is resistant to splitting, and Mike said in his experience with Vikings in the 1970s, shops didn't report issues with airplanes that had lived in different parts of the country.

Jim has an Arrow and he wants to guard against the long down times we're seeing at overhaul shops. To do so he wonders if she would pick the right time and pre-emptively overhaul his engine, or at least change out the cylinders. Mike, Paul, and Colleen fully lecture poor Jim on the perils of so-called top overhauls, and instead advise him to do nothing more than stock a cylinder in case the time comes and he needs it.

Darren is thinking of putting an all-new panel into his Tri-Pacer, and he's wondering if he should upgrade his generator to an alternator when he does it. Paul said he's not worried about the generator when it comes to his avionics, but given that Darren flies at night, Paul thinks an alternator is probably a good idea.

Steve is wondering about spark plug anti-seize compounds. He uses the Tempest and Champion products, but found Lycoming's service instructions that prohibits their use. It calls for a copper-based compound, or motor oil. The hosts think the guidance might be a result of getting the carbon-based anti-seize on the insulator, which would cause arcing. They all agree that motor oil would be a bad choice. Paul thinks the Champion compound is fine, so long as you use only a little, and keep it off the last thread. Mike now uses an anti-seize stick that you apply to the threads, almost like a lip balm.

A creative modification, lean of peak with turbocharging, electronic ignition, and oil leaks are on tap. Email [email protected] for a chance to get on the show.

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Tom has a turbocharged Mooney and he's wondering how to manage it while lean of peak. The hosts say the first goal is to get on the lean side quickly, and then fine tune once there. They argue you can hear and feel when you're lean of peak, which is how you can expedite it. Then check the CHTs and the TITs to make sure they are below limits. That's it. Paul said in that way turbos have an advantage because it doesn't at what altitude you lean, the numbers should be similar. He tends to lean based solely on fuel flow.

Ray is considering going to dual electronic magnetos, but he's concerned about redundancy and the safety of the associated battery. The hosts talk at length about the benefits of dual e-mags, and think that redundancy is better with e-mags than traditional magnetos, so even though you're going away from two independent systems, it's still an improvement. Mike said the TSO for the battery containment is extremely high, and not to worry about thermal runaway. The company must also think so because apparently the experimental version is largely the same, minus the same battery containment.

Eric is a new A&P and he's trying to become better informed on the difference between major and minor overhaul. He helped a friend create an external charging port for a battery minder on the belly through an inspection port. The hosts are wowed by the work, and want to do it themselves, and all agree it's a minor alteration. It doesn't stick out into the airflow any more than a GPS antenna, which is a minor alteration. Mike recommends reading FAR Part 1.1, which gives the definition of a major alteration. If it doesn't meet that definition, it's minor. But of course Eric is a scientist by day and doesn't love the ambiguity of the reg. Mike says it's in his best judgement, and part of his role as a mechanic.

Walter is trying to track down an oil leak on his Beech Sierra. Over a few years he's had his mechanic address multiple trouble spots, and over time that's helped. But recently he's had some oil pooling on his lower cowling. Colleen thinks areas such as oil return lines are problematic. The rubber boots connecting those lines get worn out and can be replaced. She's been trying to track down an oil leak on her Lycoming without luck, and gives Walter a bunch of places to check.

Mike, Paul, and Colleen dig deep for some detailed troubleshooting on digital fuel indicators, oil temperature, gear problems, and more this episode.

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Will's fuel indicators are giving off infrequent red Xs on his Garmin G1000, and it started happening right after maintenance. Paul is suspect that a mechanic caused it, especially because you have to take the wings off to get at the sensors. But he's pleased at Will's level of troubleshooting, which includes info about what happens when the tanks is full, half full, and while turning on the ground. Based on the information, Paul is sure it's a sensor issue. On computer-based fuel indications, a mismatch between multiple sensors can often result in the EFD showing red Xs, he says. It turns out Will's mechanic was able to fix the problem by checking the connectors in the same inspection panel he had opened for the annual.

Brad has a Cessna 182 that he keeps in a dry climate but is now flying to the Texas Gulf Coast a few times a month, where it sits for three days. He's wondering how to hold back corrosion. Paul suggests he wash the airplane when he gets home each time, and make sure the inside is fogged with Corrosion-X. Mike said not to worry too much about the engine because his single-weight oil and CamGuard will help protect it for those three days.

Carl has a Cessna 210 and twice the landing gear motor didn't stop running when he cycled the gear. Paul then spends a few minutes describing the 210 gear system in great detail, including all the safety of wallet issues.

The oil temp is high (235 degrees) on one of the engines on Ben's Twin Comanche. The hosts go through a slew of troubleshooting steps, most of which Ben has already performed. The hosts settle on this being an airflow issue, and not a fuel issue. Mike said the oil temp limit is an oil longevity concern, not an engine damage concern.

From maintaining aircraft records to dealing with bad advice and sub-standard parts, Mike, Paul, and Colleen say being an aircraft owner is one of the hardest jobs in aviation.

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Randy wants to know if circuit breakers have a life limit. He has a Mooney with about 3,000 hours. He had one that was acting up, and was wondering if he should intentionally exercise or change them on some interval. Paul said he recommends to all his clients that they exercise their breakers every few years, since they do tend to corrode. Just tripping it breaks oxidation off the contacts, he said. If you check the resistance before and after the resistance often goes down. Colleen said she replaces a few breakers during each annual.

Gary owns a Lake Amphibian with a IO-360 and he runs with fine wire plugs. At the last annual he found four of his Champion plugs had infinite

Chris helps clients establish aircraft logbooks after they buy their first airplane. Paul said: You should keep as much of the maintenance records as possible for value. Old invoices he puts in a bag and sets them aside. He keeps weight and balance history and it’s nice to have a 337 record. Only the current equipment list is necessary. He’ll recommend customers organize their own logbooks and not pay him to do it. Colleen also keeps a separate spreadsheet for time in service of all the airplane’s components. That makes it easy for inspection, replacement, and for ADs. Mike’s records include a big Word doc that includes all his maintenance records and a spreadsheet with the weight and balance, equipment list, and so on. Paul suggests only giving your maintenance provider a thumb drive so they can’t hold your logbooks hostage, nor do anything else you don’t approve of. Then when you’re ready to leave, you get the thumb drive and the sticker to go in the logbook when you get home.

Paul read an article that advised against leaning too quickly and leading to washboarding of cylinders. Mike thinks that came from an old service bulletin. He said it needs to be taken in context. They were talking about heating the cylinder too fast. They weren’t talking about the transition from rich of peak to lean of peak, but rather a very rich mixture to a slightly less rich mixture. The piston heats faster than the cylinder barrel, and it expands faster than the cylinder. The piston could potentially cause metal to metal contact.

What's in our oil, how to keep cool (and warm), and lean of peak are on tap for this episode. Email [email protected] for a chance to get on the show.

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Mark flies a 182 and he read on a forum that the reason we've had so much spalling of lifters is because they took zinc out of the oil. Mike said this rumor has been going around for years, but doesn't make sense considering zinc was never in aviation oil. It's in STP, which is used as a thread lube. He cautioned not to put that in the engine because it's not ashless. The problem with lifters has been poor manufacturing, Paul said.

Bob has an RV-10 and he's been trying to run lean of peak with wide open throttle. His technique has been to reduce rpm to get to 55 or 60% power and then lean. But doing so puts him at around 2,000 rpm. He's worried that running it too low might result in problems. Mike gives Bob a better technique. He said the mixture controls power while lean of peak, although running at a lower rpm is generally better since the combustion event takes longer. By running a lower rpm you're giving the engine more time to burn through the available fuel/air mixture. The low rpm prohibition that Bob is worried about in other airplanes is usually the result of propeller resonance issues, they say.

Jeremy wants to know when to plug in the pre-heater. Other pilots have told him he needs to plug it in 10 to 12 hours before flying, but he's checked the temperatures with his engine monitor and found they rise about 35 degrees above ambient in two hours. Paul cautions that the oil won't be that warm, only the metal at the CHT probe, but because Jeremy is running multi-weight oil it doesn't matter. Mike said his rule of thumb is generally to preheat when it gets below 32 degrees F, and that when the rocker covers no longer feel cold to the touch that you're done. In Jeremy's case they agree that two hours seems fine.

Johann has a Cessna 210 that has a hot cylinder. He's gone over the baffling, which helped, but he's wondering what else to do. Paul tells Johann to throw fuel at the problem. He sets the fuel flow a half-gallon to one gallon over the book number, advising that you'll know you've done too much if it runs rough at takeoff. With Johann's intercooler, he recommends even more. Because intercoolers bring more dense air into the engine, you have to adjust the fuel flow, although the manufacturer doesn't say how much. So it takes some trial and error. Paul also advised Johann to look at his engine mounts and considering installing an aftermarket prop. On the 210 a tight tolerance between the spinner and the cowling can greatly reduce temperatures. If the spinner is low you can raise it with new mounts or spacers under the front mounts.

In this episode, Mike, Paul, and Colleen discuss unnecessary maintenance, lean of peak, and flaming exhausts!

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Mitchell has a Cessna 185 and he's wondering if it's smart to change out the rotocoils on his engine at some pre-determined point in order to avoid uneven heat patterns on his exhaust valves. Paul, despite having done this, advises him to borescope, and only change when he sees an uneven heat pattern. Since Mitchell already borescopes often, Paul thinks he'll catch a faulty rotocoil quickly. Mike suggests that Mitchell could hit the coil with a mallet and if it doesn't turn to change it. Regardless of the test or monitoring method Mitchell chooses, they agree it's unnecessary to change the springs pre-emptively.

Doug has some questions about lean of peak. Specifically, he's wondering why his EGT spread is so large when his GAMI spread is only .2 gallons an hour. The hosts remind him that EGT only matters as a way to identify peak. Otherwise the relative and absolute numbers are meaningless. The big gap in EGT and CHT numbers often comes down to cooling inefficiencies, according to Mike. If the numbers indicated that the cylinders were making differential power, Doug would feel the engine roughness. So the hosts think he's doing just fine.

Adam wants to know if he can use an automotive alternator in his Cessna 172 under the new VARMA policy. The policy allows for part substitutions when no aviation parts are commercially available. Since 172 alternators are available, he must use one of those. The hosts then discuss what makes an aviation alternator different from an automotive version since Cessna and Piper use GM and Ford alternators. Paul and Colleen focus on the brushes, which are different, and ours turn the opposite direction, which would require a different pully. Although they agree an owner could bring an aviation alternator to an automotive rebuild shop with aviation parts, they recommend against a straight automotive version.

Mark has a Cherokee 235 and he likes to take videos of his flights in order to critique his skills. One one night flight he saw flames coming out of his exhaust, which he obviously found alarming. The hosts put his mind at ease, telling him it's a natural by-product of the combustion process, and simply represents the power his engine is making. But they dig further to find out two important points. First, Mark doesn't have a flame cone on his exhaust. If he did, the flames probably wouldn't be visible. And two, this only happens when he's lean of peak. This intrigues Mike because it's evidence of a slower combustion process that's known to happen during lean of peak. He surmises that because the process is longer, but the rpm consistent, combustion isn't complete when the valve opens, which is why Mark only sees the flame.

Gotchas and head-scratchers are the theme this episode, as Mike, Paul, and Colleen help an owner with a pitted camshaft, an inop instrument, a faulty vacuum line, and ops procedures.

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Full episode notes below:

Mike had two airplanes over the past 10 years with crankshaft pitting, despite regularly flying, hangaring, and using an engine dehydrator. He's wondering if there's anything else he can do to keep the rust away. The hosts focus on the timing of the events and consider that maybe Mike was caught up in a period when Continental had manufactured some sub-standard parts. They are confident Mike did the right thing by having his mechanic use the guidance in Continental's Service Information Directive 05-1B, which describes how to inspect and then when to replace the cam if spalding is found.

Trevor has a Cessna 152 and he noticed that the vacuum line near the static sump had been bumped and was disconnected. It's a simple assembly that doesn't require tools to replace, only some teflon thread. He's wondering if that would be acceptable to do under the regulations for preventative maintenance. The hosts agree that it fits the definition of preventative maintenance perfectly, but that changing out the line would trigger the requirement for a static system leak-down test, which doesn't meet the definition. So, although a pilot could probably replace the line, he/she would have to hire a mechanic to do the leak-down test anyway.

Brian is the manager of a flying club with a Cherokee that has a persistent inop flag on the S-Tec 30 turn coordinator, and he wants to know if you can label only the inop flag as inop. Mike thinks that's sound logic, but Paul and Colleen are a little more skeptical. When Brian says the airplane is used for checkrides, the hosts agree that DPEs are probably not going to allow it, and to placard the entire autopilot inop.

Tim is wondering how many times to cycle the propeller during the run-up checks. The hosts all agree that once is sufficient, unless there's a need to do more. That might be because the oil is very cold, the hub is large, or there wasn't a good response on the first try. But all the parameters that need to be checked can be done in one pull, and a second and third pull are unnecessary and cause unneeded strain on the engine.

How do you fix a fix? Mike, Paul, and Colleen explore STC challenges, including parts, wrong installations, and ADS-B that isn't working.

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Barat has a Cirrus SR22 with an STC air conditioner. The driveshaft recently broke and he’s wondering how to fix it. Some mechanics he’s spoken to won’t use alternative parts, but others will. Mike said it’s not unlike altering the original type certificate. The question is whether your alternative to the supplemental type certificate is major or minor. Mike and Paul agree that it sounds like a minor alteration because the parts are now available from Cirrus, based on the STC that Barat had it installed previously.

Kevin has an LX7 with advanced avionics. A month or so after a trip through the Southwest, he got a letter from the FAA saying his ADS-B

Byron has a Cessna 170 that he purchased three years ago. The airplane came with vortex generators that were installed incorrectly. Byron is wondering what he should do next in terms of holding the original installer accountable. The hosts caution him on going to the FAA because they can’t investigate halfway. Mike wonders whether the FAA would actually go after the mechanic, since it’s not a safety of flight issue. Paul thinks making an honest mistake is usually let off from the FAA with minor infractions.