Ceuta and Melilla are enclaved cities where the European Union has land borders with the African continent, as Spain continues to lay claims within Morocco. What is Spain doing in Morocco in the first place, and what are the wider implications? In this episode, we discuss why the two cities have been described as Europe’s “dirty secret" - the over-surveillance of the walls separating Africa from Europe, and the mistreatment and brutality towards those seeking a better life in Europe.

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Sources for further reading:

Ceuta and Melilla: why does Spain own two cities in Africa?

Melilla: Europe's dirty secret

World of Walls: The Structure, Roles and Effectiveness of Separation Barriers - ebook

French Morocco (1912-1956)

Alleged migrant smugglers arrested in Spain

Ceuta, Melilla profile

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