Guest analysis about kratom pharmacology with academic references for this episode's commentary.  Contact info at end of the show notes if you are seeking help quitting kratom.

SOURCES

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Angyal, Péter, Kristóf Hegedüs, Bence Balázs Mészáros, János Daru, Ádám Dudás, Anna Rita Galambos, Nariman Essmat, Mahmoud Al-Khrasani, Szilárd Varga, and Tibor Soós. 2023b. “Total Synthesis and Structural Plasticity of Kratom Pseudoindoxyl Metabolites.” Angewandte Chemie , June, e202303700. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202303700

Chakraborty, Soumen, Rajendra Uprety, Amal E. Daibani, Valerie L. Rouzic, Amanda Hunkele, Kevin Appourchaux, Shainnel O. Eans, et al. 2021. “Kratom Alkaloids as Probes for Opioid Receptor Function: Pharmacological Characterization of Minor Indole and Oxindole Alkaloids from Kratom.” ACS Chemical Neuroscience 12 (14): 2661–78. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00149

Chakraborty, Soumen, Rajendra Uprety, Samuel T. Slocum, Takeshi Irie, Valerie Le Rouzic, Xiaohai Li, Lisa L. Wilson, et al. 2021. “Oxidative Metabolism as a Modulator of Kratom’s Biological Actions.” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 64 (22): 16553–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01111 

Ford, Nigel. 2021. “What Is Fermented Kratom?” Kratom.org. October 8, 2021. https://kratom.org/guides/fermented-kratom 

Kamble, Shyam H., Francisco León, Tamara I. King, Erin C. Berthold, Carolina Lopera-Londoño, Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju, Aidan J. Hampson, et al. 2020. “Metabolism of a Kratom Alkaloid Metabolite in Human Plasma Increases Its Opioid Potency and Efficacy.” ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science 3 (6): 1063–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00075

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