Alex speaks with Elias Khalil about the influential ideas of Ibn Khaldun, delving into Khaldun's theories on the rise and fall of civilizations, the nature of political communities, and the importance of solidarity (Asabiyya). Khalil connects these insights to classical liberal thought and the works of Adam Smith, emphasizing Khaldun’s impact on understanding political order as a product of social dynamics rather than divine intervention.

1. "The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History" by Ibn Khaldun, translated by Franz Rosenthal

2. “Ibn Khaldoun and Adam Smith—Two Heroes of the Modern Age.”

3. “Ibn Khaldûn on Property Rights, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History.”

4. "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" by Adam Smith

5. "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith