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Transitive Verb : A verb that takes a direct object

Intransitive Verb : A verb that does not take a direct object

Transitive Verbs:

飲む To Drink

読む To Read

食べる To Eat

買う To Buy

作る To Make

Intransitive Verbs:

行く To Go

働く To Work

生きる To Live

泣く To Cry

泳ぐ To Swim

Transitive

私はドアを開（あ）けました。

In the first sentence, we know from the particle を that there is a direct object. So when we ask the question, "What is being opened?" The answer is ドア (the door). From your studies of the particle を, you probably already know this particle always comes after a direct object. It's telling us what we are doing the verb to. Hopefully this sounds familiar, because this is exactly how we defined transitive verbs!

Intransitive

ドアが開（あ）きました。

In this second sentence, the only particle is が, which marks the subject as new or important information. This makes ドア the subject. The subject does the verb 開きました. The door opened. The door is doing the verb, but the verb is not acting upon anything.

◆Transitive Verbs and Intransitive pairs◆

落とします to drop     落ちます to fall

出 to take out 出ます to come out; to leave

入れます to insert 入ります to enter

開けます to open 開きます to be opened

閉めます to close 閉まります to be closed

つけます to attach つきます to be attached

消します to erase 消えます to disappear

抜きます to extract 抜けます to be extracted

Although it's not always the case, you can use the following general guidelines to tell the differences...

1. 　Most of the time transitive verbs end with an "eru" or "su" sound, like for example, あける (akeru) and けす (kesu). 

2.　Intransitive verbs oftenly end with an "aru" or "ku" sound. But sometimes they also end with an "eru" sound. For example, とまる (tomaru), あく (aku) and でる (deru). 

However there are always exceptions in Japanese, so it's not always true for the above guidelines. Therefore the best way is still to memorize them.

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In Japanese, the passive voice also is used when the speaker wants to inject the sentence with emotion.  For example, Japanese speakers often use the passive voice in situations where they want to convey a sense that they are a “victim”.  In other words, they use the passive voice to describe when something bad has happened to them.

◆Transitive Verb:他動詞◆

A verb done to other things. Pronoun は direct object を verb. 

◆Intransitive Verb:自動詞◆

A verb done by itself. Noun が verb. 

Transitive

私はドアを開（あ）けました。

私はドアを閉（し）めました。

Intransitive

ドアが開（あ）きました。

ドアが閉（し）まりました。

〇ドアが開（あ）けられました

✖ドアが開（あ）かれました

〇ドアが閉（し）められました。

✖ドアが閉（し）まられました。

Transitive

私は電気（でんき）をつけます。

私は電気（でんき）をけします。

Intransitive

電気（でんき）がつきます。

私は電気（でんき）がきえます。

〇電気（でんき）がつけられました。

✖電気（でんき）がつかれました。

〇電気（でんき）がきえられました。

✖電気（でんき）がけされました。

◆Passive sentence of intransitive verbs◆

Sentences with intransitive verbs can be made passive. In this case, "I" is the recipient of the action and the intransitive verb is the source of the action. Passive sentences with intransitive verbs imply trouble (damage) in the most cases.   

昨日（きのう）雨（あめ）が降（ふ）りました。

It rained yesterday.

昨日（きのう）【私（わたし）は】雨（あめ）に降（ふ）られました。

I got caught in the rain yesterday.

昨日（きのう）の夜（よる）、子供（こども）が泣（な）きました。

The child cried last night

昨日（きのう）の夜（よる）、【私（わたしは】子供（こども）に泣（な）かれました。

I was troubled last night as the child cried.

お父（とう）さんは死（し）にました。

My father passed away.

私（わたし）はお父（とう）さん死（し）なれました。

I was troubled because my father passed away.

同僚（どうりょう）は休（やす）みました。

My colleage was absent from work.

私（わたし）は同僚（どうりょう）に休（やす）まれました。

I was troubled as my colleage was absent from work

彼（かれ）は会社（かいしゃ）をやめました。

He quit the job.

私（わたし）は彼（かれ）に会社（かいしゃ）をやめられました。

I was troubled as he quit the job.

先生（せんせい）が喜（よろこ）びます。

The teacher is pleased(happy).

【私（わたし）は】先生（せんせい）に喜（よろこ）ばれた。

I was pleased by the teacher.

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◆Passive sentence of "Part of a human body or personal possessions"◆

When you express about a part of a human body, the subject of the passive sentence is わたし. For example, 彼（かれ）は私（わたし）の足（あし）を踏（ふ）みました. In this case, the subject of the passive sentence is not 私（わたし）の足（あし) but it i s私（わたし） .

彼（かれ）は私（わたし）の足（あし）を踏（ふ）みました He stepped on my foot

私（わたし）は彼（かれ）に足（あし）を踏（ふ）まれました

My foot was stepped on by him

ドアは私（わたし）の手（て）をはさみました。The door pinched my hand.

私（わたし）はドアに手（て）をはさまれました。My hand was caught in the door.

お父（とう）さんは弟（おとうと）の頭（あたま）をたたきました。Dad hit my younger brother's head.

弟（おとうと）はお父（とう）さんに頭（あたま）をたたかれました。My brother was hit by his father.

Besides the parts of the human body (ex. Feet, hands), the same thing goes with personal possessions such as "my watch".   

子供（こども）は私（わたし）のカメラをこわしました My child broke the camera

私（わたし）は子供（こども）にカメラをこわされました

My camera was broken by my child

泥棒（どろぼう）は私（わたし）の財布（さいふ）を盗（ぬす）みました。

The theif stold my wallet.

私（わたし）は泥棒（どろぼう）に財布（さいふ）を盗（ぬす）まれました。

My wallet was stolen by the theif.

犬（いぬ）は靴（くつ）を持（も）っていきました。The dog brought my shoes with him.

私（わたし）は犬（いぬ）に靴（くつ）を持（も）っていかれました。I had my dog bring my shoes.

◆Question sentence◆   

誰（だれ）に足（あし）を踏（ふ）まれましたか？Who stepped on your foot?

誰（だれ）に財布（さいふ）を盗（ぬす）まれましたか？Who has stolen the wallet?

◆Passive form of "agemasu"◆   

There is no passive form of agemasu (to give). Instead, moraimasu is used.   

田中（たなか）さんは鈴木（すずき）さんに本（ほん）をあげました

✖鈴木（すずき）さんは田中（たなか）さんに本（ほん）をあげられました

〇鈴木（すずき）さんは田中（たなか）さんに本（ほん）をもらいました

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Japanese language makes far more use of passive language and passive verbs than English? The passive voice in Japanese is used for various reasons.  One reason is that both the Japanese language and Japanese culture are very indirect – as a result, the passive voice is more frequently used in Japan than in some other countries. 

Group1 かきます かかれます kakimasu kakaremasu

いそぎます　いそがれます

 はなします はなされます 

まちます　またれます

かいます　かわれます

Group2 たべます たべられます 

 みます みられます 

Group3 きます こられます 

 します されます 

※The passive form of Group 2 verbs and きます of Group 3 is the same as the potential form

◆Passive sentence of transitive verbs◆   

In the passive sentence, the object becomes the subject, and the transitive verb is changed into the passive form. The particle に is attached to the noun which is the source of the action.   

先生（せんせい）は私（わたし）をほめました

私（わたし）は先生（せんせい）にほめられました

Teacher praised me.

I was praised by my teacher.

ジョンは先生に質問をしました。John asked the teacher a question.

先生はジョンに質問をされました。The teacher was asked a question by John.

お母さんは子どもをしかりました。

子どもはお母さんにしかられました。

Mother scold the kid.

Kid was scold by his mother.

When the object is an inanimate things, it is difficult to make the passive sentence.    

田中（たなか）さんはりんごを食（た）べました

りんごは田中（たなか）さんに食（た）べられました

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By combining ように (you ni) with なる (naru), you can express the change of state of situation.

◆Verb Potential form + ようになります◆

It means "came to be able to". It illustrates that the situation of being unable to do something changes to that of being able to do it.

Meaning: change in ability or possibility.

たばこが吸えるようになりました。

tabako ga sueru you ni narimashita

Let's say that in your country you are not allowed to smoke until you are 18 years old. This example shows the change in possibility was occurred. 

日本語の歌が歌えるようになりました。

nihongo no uta ga utaeru you ni narimashita

I couldn't sing Japanese song in the past. I can sing now.

漢字が書けるようになりました。

kanji ga kakeru you ni narimashita

I couldn't write kanji in the past. I can write now.

日本語が話せるようになりました。

nihongo ga hanaseru youni narimashita.

I have become able to speak Japanese.

二十歳になったので、お酒が飲めるようになりました。

hatachi ni nattanode, osake ga nomeruyouni narimashita

I have become able to drink alcohol because I became 20 years old.

たくさん練習したら、泳げるようになります。

takusan renshuu shitara, oyogeru youni narimasu

I will become able to swim if I practice a lot.

◆Dic form + ようになります◆

◆ない form + ようになります◆

It illustrates that a new habit has been acquired or repetition of a new action has become apparent.

Meaning: change in habitual action.

たばこを吸うようになりました。

tabako wo suu you ni narimashita

たばこを吸う (tabako wo suu) is the present state where you smoke now. It also means that in the past you didn't smoke.

So from this sentence you can conclude two things: You didn't smoke in the past, but you smoke now.

新聞を読むようになりました。

shinbun wo yomu you ni narimashita

I didn't read newspaper in the past. I read newspaper now.

去年から、毎日ジムへ行くようになりました。

kyonen kara mainichi jimu e ikuyouni narimashita.

I go to gym every day since last year.

彼はよく会社を休むようになりました。

kare wa yoku kaisha o yasumi youni narimashita.

He has often being absent from work.

おばあちゃんは年をとったので、外へ行かないようになりました。

obachan wa oshi o totta node, soto e ikanai youni narimashita.

My grandmother does not go outside because she became old.

私は去年から肉を食べないようになりました。

watashi wa kyonen kara niku o tabenai youni narimashita.

I don't eat meat since last year.

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Dic form + ようにしてください

Nai form + ようにしてください

It is an expression of request like てform+ください、ないform+でください

ようにしてください implies "please make effors/please keep in mind"

Requests to repeat the action habitually.

毎朝（まいあさ）歯（は）を磨（みが）くようにしてください。

Please try to brush your teeth every morning.

部屋（へや）を出（で）る時（とき）、必（かなら）ずドアを閉（し）めるようにしてください。

Please be sure to close the door when you leave the room

毎日（まいにち）少（すこ）しずつ勉強（べんきょう）するようにしてください。

Please study little by little every day.

病院（びょういん）では静（しず）かにするようにしてください

Please try to keep quiet at the hospital

毎日（まいにち）、予習（よしゅう）と復習（ふくしゅう）をするようにしてください

Please make sure to do preparations and reviews every day.

遅刻（ちこく）しないようにしてください

Please try do not be late

宿題（しゅくだい）を忘（わす）れないようにしてください

Please try not to forget your homework

お酒（さけ）を飲（の）みすぎないようにしてください

Please try not to drink too much alcohol

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Dic form + ようにします

Nai form + ようにします

‘to try to..’　‘to make sure to..’

明日早く起きるようにする。

ashita hayaku okiru you ni suru.

I'll try to wake up early tomorrow.

明日から仕事に行く前に毎日ランニングをするようにします。

ashita kara shigoto ni iku mae ni mainichi raningu o suru you ni shimasu.

From tomorrow I'm going to try to go running before work every day.

都合が悪くなったら、連絡するようにします。

tsugou ga waruku natta baai wa, renraku suru you ni shimasu.

If it won’t be convenient for me, I’ll try to contact you.

それを忘れないようにします。

sore o wasurenai you ni shimasu.

I'll be sure to remember that.

今日からお酒を飲まないようにします。

kyou kara osake o nomanai you ni shimasu.

I'm going to not drink alcohol anymore from today.

Dic form + ようにしています

Nai form + ようにしています

it shows behavior the speaker wants to sustain habitually

10時に寝るようにしています。

juuji ni neru you ni shiteimasu.

I'm trying to go to bed at 10.

肉だけじゃなくて、野菜も食べるようにしています。

niku dake janakute, yasai mo taberu you ni shiteimasu.

I'm trying eat to more vegetables instead of just meat.

毎日仕事で疲れていますが、毎日筋トレをするようにしています。

Mainichi shigoto de tsukarete imasu ga, mainichi kin-tore o suru youni shiteimasu.

I’m tired from work every day, but I try to do my daily workout.

ダイエット中なので食べたものを日記に書くようにしています。

Daietto-chuu nanode tabeta mono wo nikki ni kaku you ni shiteimasu.

I’m on a diet so I try to keep writing what I eat. 

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Verb (dictionary form) ように

Verb (ない form) ように

Potential form ように

In order to/..so that../..to be able to…

This particular grammar point expresses aims by describing what you or the speaker will do in order for your aim or goal to happen. To construct a sentence using this premise, we would need to follow a simple sentence pattern that can be found below.

食べます (tabemasu: to eat) → 食べるように (taberu you ni: in order to eat)

乗ります (norimasu: to ride) → 乗るように (noru you ni: so that you ride)

来ます (kimasu: to come) → 来るように (kuru you ni: in order to come)

食べます (tabemasu: to eat) → 食べないように (taberu you ni: in order not to eat)

乗ります (norimasu: to ride) → 乗らないように (noru you ni: so that you don't ride)

来ます (kimasu: to come) → 来ないように (kuru you ni: in order not to come)

彼女は痩せるように毎日運動します。

Kanojo wa yaseru you ni mainichi undou shimasu.

She exercises everyday so that she loses weight.

始発電車に間に合うように早く家を出ました。

Shihatsu densha ni maniau you ni hayaku ie o demashita.

I left the house early in order to catch the first train.

間違（まちが）えないように、気（き）をつけます。

I will be careful not to make a mistake.

先生（せんせい）の話（はなし）を忘（わす）れないように、メモします。

I will make a note so that I  do not forget the story of the teacher.

仕事（しごと）の間（あいだ）寝（ね）ないように、コーヒーを飲（の）みます。

I drink coffee so that I don't sleep during work.

飲みます(nomimasu: to drink) → 飲めるように (nomeru you ni: to be able to drink)

読みます (yomimasu: to read) → 読めるように (yomeru you ni: to be able to read)

見ます (mimasu: to look/watch) → 見えるように (mieru you ni: to be able to look/watch)

速（はや）く泳（およ）げるように、毎日（まいにち）練習（れんしゅう）しています。

I practice every day so that I can swim quickly.

よく見（み）えるように、前（まえ）に座（すわ）ります。

I will sit in front so that I can see it well.

晩御飯（ばんごはん）をたくさん食（た）べられるように、朝（あさ）から何（なに）も食（た）べていません。I haven't eaten anything since the morning so that I can eat a lot of dinner.

今日早く帰れるように真面目働きます。

Hayaku kaereru you ni majime hatarakimasu.

I will work hard so that I can go home early today.

皆さんに聞こえるようにもっと大きな声で話してください。

mina san ni kikoeru youni motto ookina koe de hanashite kudasai.

Please speak with a louder voice so everyone can hear.

大学に合格出来るように一生懸命勉強しています。

daigaku ni goukaku dekiru youni isshoukenmei benkyou shiteimasu.

I'm studying my absolute hardest so that I can be accepted to university.

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