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下面三句中的条件都是“天气转好 the weather improves”,哪一句是有可能的(第一条件句),哪一句是不太可能的(第二条件句),哪一句是完全不可能的(第三条件句)?
improve 改进,改善 = get better
① If the weather improves, we'll go for a walk.
② If the weather improved, we could go for a walk.
③ If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk.
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① If the weather improves, we'll go for a walk.
如果天气转好,我们就去散步。(天气有可能会好转。第一条件句)
② If the weather improved, we could go for a walk.
如果天气转好,我们可以去散步。(天气不太可能好转。第二条件句)
③ If the weather had improved, we could have gone for a walk.
如果天气变好,我们本可以去散步的。(天气没有好转,天气好转是不可能的假设条件。第三条件句)
总结:
第一条件句 有可能
If + 一般现在时,+ will/would/can/could/may/might/should
第二条件句 不太可能
If + 一般过去时,+ would/could/might/should
第三条件句 不可能
If + 过去完成时,+ would/might/could + have done
0条件句 当事情总是这样
If you heat ice, it melts. 如果你加热冰,冰就会融化。
If + 一般现在时,+ 一般现在时
If 可以用 when 替换。
Odie的英语课暂时播到这里,主播要去休息一下。感谢大家这三年的收听,请继续学习,不断进步!(\(^o^)/)
The third conditional
第三条件句
第三条件句中 if 从句中的内容是没有发生的,所以主句里的内容也是不可能发生的。
比如我没有复习,考试没及格。如果我复习了,我考试就会及格了。
常使用第三条件句想象一个(和已经发生的现实)不同的结果。
[从句] If + 过去完成时(had done),[主句] + would,might,could + have done
revise 动词,复习(过去分词 revised)
pass my exam 通过考试
If I had revised, I would have passed my exam.
如果我复习了,我就会通过考试的。
* 我没有复习,考试没有及格。
If I had played better, I would have won.
如果我打得更好,我就会赢的。
win 获胜,赢(过去分词 won)
* 我打得不好,没有赢。(I didn’t play well and I didn’t win.)
If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time.
如果我们早点出去(出门),我们本可以准时到电影院的。
go out earlier 早一点出去(go 的过去分词 gone)
get to the cinema 到电影院
on time 准时
The second conditional
第二条件句
在第二条件句中,if 从句中的内容是不太可能发生的。
[从句] If + 过去时态,[主句] + would,could,might 或 should
pay rise 加薪,涨工资(美语 pay raise)
If I got a pay rise, I would buy a new car.
如果我加薪,我会买一辆新车。
* 我不太可能加薪。这是第二条件句,
如果我很有可能加薪,就说 If I get a pay rise, I will buy a new car. 第一条件句。
If you left your job, you could travel around the world.
如果你辞职,你可以周游世界。
leave your job 辞职
* 你不太可能会辞职。
If I was the president, I would change some laws.
如果我是总统,我会修改一些法律。
* 我知道我不会成为总统,这是假设,我在总统的位置上会怎么样。
关于“如果我是……” 美国英语会说“if I were...”,英国英语是更常说“if I was...”
The first conditional
第一条件句
当我们想说某个将来可能的情况[从句内容],以及它的结果[主句内容],就用第一条件句。
[从句] If + 现在时态,[主句] + will/would,can/could,may/might 或 should
If I get the job in London, I'll be pretty happy.
如果我得到那个在伦敦的工作,我会很高兴的。
If I am late, I will call you.
如果我迟到了,我会给你打电话。
If the taxi doesn't come soon, I'll drive you myself.
如果出租车不快点来,我就自己开车送你。
drive 开车送
条件句分为:
The zero conditional 0条件句
The first conditional 第一条件句
The second conditional 第二条件句
The third conditional 第三条件句
The zero conditional
0条件句
If you heat ice, it melts.
如果你加热冰,冰就会融化。
melt 动词,融化,熔化,溶解
= When you heat ice, it melts.当总是有这样的结果时,我们就叫0条件句。
0条件句中的 if 可以用 when 替换。
0条件句的主句和从句的时态通常都是一般现在时。
0条件句的主句就没有 will,can 等情态动词。
If I can't sleep, I listen to the radio.
如果我睡不着,我就听收音机。
= When I can't sleep, I listen to the radio.
conditional sentences
条件句
conditional 有条件的,[语法]条件句的
condition 条件,状况 + 后缀-al ……的,与……有关的
最常见的条件句是 if(如果)条件句。
条件句由一个条件从句和一个主句组成:
If I get the job in London, I'll be pretty happy.
如果我得到这个在伦敦的工作,我会很高兴的。
条件句一半是 if 引导的从句,另一半会有 will、can、may 等情态动词。
至于顺序,条件从句可以在前,也可以在后。在前面的情况比较多,用逗号隔开从句和主句。如果条件从句在后半句就不需要逗号。
We'll have the party in the garden if it doesn't rain.
如果不下雨,我们就在花园里办派对。
这句话也可以用 as long as 只要……
We'll have the party in the garden as long as it doesn't rain.
只要不下雨,我们就在花园里办派对。
被动态 be + 动词过去分词
be 各个时态的变化
一般现在时 – am / are / is
现在进行时 – is being / are being
现在完成时 – has been / have been
一般过去时 – was / were
过去进行时 – was being / were being
情态动词 will, can 等 – will be, can be 等
[一般现在时]
Am I invited too?
我也被邀请了吗?
[现在进行时]
Am I being recorded?
我正在被录音吗?
[现在完成时]
He's been hurt.
他被伤害了。/他受伤了。
[一般过去时]
房间里有几个箱子,但我们不知道箱子里有什么。(We didn't know what was in the boxes.)
They weren't label(l)ed.
它们没有(被)贴标签。
label 动词,贴标签
[过去进行时]
They were being watched carefully.
他们正在被仔细观察。
[情态动词]
Reservations can be accepted up to 24 hours before arrival.
提前至少24小时预约。
reservation(s) 名词,预订,预约
up to 最多,最高
arrival 名词,抵达,到达(arrive 动词,抵达,到达)
up to 24 hours before arrival 不超过(不晚于*)抵达前24小时
* 这里是从距离“抵达前24小时”更早的时间点来讲,所以up to可以说成“不晚于”。“Up to”的基础意思是“最多,最高”,但在不同语境里会相应翻译成不同的中文。
英语通常把重要的内容在句子前面,把ta当作主语,但这不是绝对的。
也可以把重要部分放在句子最后,加强语气,起到突出强调的作用。
朋友来我家作客,看到我家有一把椅子很好看。
A:That's a lovely chair.
B:Yes, it's very old. It was given to me by my grandmother.
A:那把椅子真漂亮。
B:它有年头了,是我奶奶给我的。
* 用“椅子”(对话中已经出现的事物)做主语,在句子后面加上 by my grandmother(想要突出的部分),加重语气,强调椅子是奶奶给我的。
I was made to feel very welcome by everyone.
大家/每个人都很欢迎我。
make 使……成为,使得……,让……
* 这句话的重点是 by everyone 大家,每个人(都)”
如果用 everyone 做主语,这样说:
Everyone made me feel very welcome.
如果动词带两个宾语,要变成被动句的话,该用哪个宾语呢?
哪个宾语都可以,都能成为被动句的主语,取决于我们想强调哪一个宾语。
Her mother gave each child a present. [主动]
她的妈妈给了每一个孩子一个礼物。
给,送给 give - gave - given
A present was given to each child (by her mother). [被动]
(她的妈妈)给了每个孩子一个礼物。/ 礼物送给了每一个孩子。
* 这句话重点是 a present
Each child was given a present (by her mother). [被动]
(她的妈妈)给了每个孩子一个礼物。/ 每个孩子都得到一个礼物。
* 这句话重点是 each child
练习一下~
The doctor gave me a prescription.
医生给我开了处方。
变被动 —>
(1)以“我”为重点(“我”要从宾格 me 变为主格 I)
I was given a prescription (by the doctor).
(2)以“处方”为重点
A prescription was given to me (by the doctor).
有一些动词被动态比主动态更加常用,比如:be born 出生
Where were you born?
你出生在哪里?
I was born in...
我出生在……
表示转述的动词,如:say(说),believe(相信,认为),think(想,认为),consider(认为,考虑),find(发现),我们常用这些词的被动态来创造一种距离感,表示客观陈述,而非主观表达。
In some cultures blowing your nose in public is considered impolite.
在某些文化中,在公共场合擤鼻子被认为是不礼貌的。
culture(s) 文化
blow your nose 擤鼻子(blow 吹,刮(风),吹奏)
in public 在公共场合
impolite 不礼貌的,粗鲁的(表示否定的词头im- + polite)
Police are looking for a man in his 30s. He is believed to be dangerous.
警方正在找一个30多岁的男性。他(被认为)是个危险人物。
a man in his 30s 一个30多岁的男性
也有一些词不常用被动态,当我们描述状态时通常不用被动态(状态动词),比如:
They were having lunch.
他们正在吃午饭。
X 不说Lunch was being had. 午饭正在被吃。X
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