What is business dynamism? Do we need a bit more turbulence in business creation, growth and change to get productivity up again? This episode, the first of three on the productivity of firms, looks at the mechanism between productivity and business dynamism, whether there are big differences between countries, and whether and how we can get a bit more turbulence.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by a co-host:

• Rebecca Riley, Professor of Practice at King’s College London; Director of the Economics Statistics Centre of Excellence; Lead on Measurement and Methods theme at The Productivity Institute

Bart and Rebecca are joined by two guest speakers:

• John Van Reenen, Ronald Coase Chair in Economics at the London School of Economics Professor, where was also the Director of Centre for Economic Performance. Currently John is Director of the Programme on Innovation and Diffusion (POID)
• Javier Miranda, Professor of Economics, Productivity Research at Friedrich-Schiller University (Jena), and Head of Center for Factor Market Transformation and Productivity Growth at the Halle Institute for Economic Research (IWH). Co-director of The Competitiveness Research Network (CompNet)

For more information on the topic:

• Jan De Loecker, Tim Obermeier and John Van Reenen (2022), Firms and Inequalities, The IFS Deaton Review.
• Filippo Biond, Sergio Inferrera, Matthias Mertens and Javier Miranda (2024), Declining Business Dynamism in Europe: The Role of Shocks, Market Power, and Technology.
• Office of National Statistics (2023), Trend in UK business dynamism and productivity, December 2023.
• The Productivity Institute (2023), The Productivity Agenda, Chapters 1 and 3.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

The final episode of Productivity Puzzles Season 2 examines whether 2023 has brought us closer to putting the productivity puzzle together. What are some of the most important insights from this season of the podcast? And what can we learn from The Productivity Institute's Productivity Agenda? The conversation covers the challenges in institutional decision-making, the diffusion of technology and skills, and diversity in firm performance, investment and the adoption of good practices, as well as possible pro-productivity policies for the future.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Diane Coyle - Bennett Professor of Public Policy at the University of Cambridge.
• Adrian Pabst - Deputy Director at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research.
• Mary O’Mahony - Professor of Economics at King's College Business School in London.
• Stephen Roper - Professor of Enterprise at Warwick Business School and Director of the Enterprise Research Centre.

For more information on the topic:

• Diane Coyle, Bart van Ark, Jim Pendrill (2023), The Productivity Agenda, The Productivity Institute.
• HM Government (2022), Levelling Up the UK.
• National Institute of Economic and Social Research (2023), National Institute UK Economic Outlook: Summer 2023.
• Diane Coyle , Kaya Dreesbeimdieck , Annabel Manley (2021), Productivity in UK healthcare during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, The Productivity Institute Working Paper No.002.
• Jen Nelles, Ben Verinder, Kevin Walsh, Tim Vorley (2023), Skills Innovation and Productivity: The Role of Further Education Colleges in Local and Regional Ecosystems, The Productivity Institute and Innovation Caucus.
• Diane Coyle, Stella Erker and Andy Westwood (2023), Townscapes: A Universal Basic Infrastructure for the UK, Bennett Institute for Public Policy.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. 

Is the UK Productivity Puzzle anywhere closer to being solved? Where do we see progress? And what are the pieces of the jigsaw that still need to be found? This episode of Productivity Puzzles, released during National Productivity Week, examines the outlook for productivity growth and the best policies that will lead to better outcomes.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Ed Balls, Former Secretary of State and Shadow Chancellor; Professor of Political Economy at King’s College, London, a Research Fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School.
• Andy Haldane, CEO of the Royal Society of Arts; Chair of Levelling Up Advisory Council.
• Rachel Wolf, Founding Partner at Public First; Former education and innovation adviser to the Prime Minister.

For more information on the topic:

• Diane Coyle, Bart van Ark, and Jim Pendrill (eds) (2023), The Productivity Agenda, The Productivity Institute.
• Dan Turner, Nyasha Weinberg, Esme Elsden and Ed Balls (2023) Why Hasn’t UK Regional Policy Worked? The views of leading practitioners, M-RCBG Associate Working Paper Series | No. 216.
• Anna Stansbury, Dan Turner & Ed Balls (2023): Tackling the UK’s regional economic inequality: binding constraints and avenues for policy intervention, Contemporary Social Science.
• Andy Haldane (2017), Productivity Puzzles, Speech at the Bank of England.
• Andy Haldane (2018), The UK’s Productivity Problem: Hub No Spokes, Speech at the Bank of England.
• The Productivity Institute (2023), National Productivity Week: a collaborative effort to boost the UK’s productivity.
• Josh Martin and Nicola Pike (2022), National Productivity Year – 60 years on: reflections and lessons, The Productivity Institute.
• Xiaowei Xu (2023), The changing geography of jobs, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
• The Productivity Institute (2022), Levelling Up: insights from The Productivity Institute.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. 

How do we measure innovation and compare it across countries? And how can it be that the UK is doing so well as an innovation nation, while we seem to be underperforming on productivity?

This episode of Productivity Puzzles takes a deep dive into the latest 2023 Global Innovation Index (GII) and its implications for the UK's productivity. The UK ranks fourth on the Global Innovation Index, showcasing strengths in R&D, scientific output, and intangible asset intensity. But why does that not translate into productivity gains?

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Sacha Wunsch-Vincent, Head of Section, Economics and Statistics Division, and co-editor of The Global Innovation Index (GII) at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

• Anna Valero, Deputy Director of Programme on Innovation and Diffusion (POID) and Distinguished Policy Fellow, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics.

For more information on the topic:

• WIPO, The Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty, September 2023.
• WIPO, United Kingdom ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2023, September 2023.
• WIPO, Science and Technology Cluster Ranking, September 2023.
• WIPO, Global Innovation Index 2022. What is the future of innovation-driven growth?, September 2022.
• Richard Jones (2022), Science and innovation policy for hard times: an overview of the UK’s Research and Development landscape, Productivity Insights Paper No. 014, The Productivity Institute.
• Paul Nightingale and James W. Phillips (2023), Is the UK a world leader in science?, Substack.
• The Economy 2023 Inquiry, Learning to grow: How to situate a skills strategy in an economic strategy, October 2023 by Rui Costa, Zhaolu Liu, Sandra McNally, Louise Murphy, Christopher Pissarides, Bertha Rohenkohl, Anna Valero and Guglielmo Ventura.
• The Economy 2023 Inquiry, Beyond Boosterism: Realigning the policy ecosystem to unleash private investment for sustainable growth 22 June 2023 by Paul Brandily, Mimosa Distefano, Krishan Shah, Gregory Thwaites, and Anna Valero.
• The Economy 2023 Inquiry, Growing clean: Identifying and investing in sustainable growth opportunities across the UK 23 May 2022 by Brendan Curran, Ralf Martin, Sabrina Muller, Viet Nguyen-Tien, Juliana Oliveira-Cunha, Esin Serin, Arjun Shah, Anna Valero, and Dennis Verhoeven.
• The Economy 2023 Inquiry, Enduring strengths: Analysing the UK’s current and potential economic strengths, and what they mean for its economic strategy, at the start of the decisive decade April 2022 by Josh De Lyon, Ralf Martin, Juliana Oliveira-Cunha, Arjun Shah, Krishan Shah, Gregory Thwaites & Anna Valero.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

What makes a business productive? Do businesses have a sense of what they’re good at and where to improve? This episode of Productivity Puzzles looks at the Productive Business Index produced by Be The Business, one of The Productivity Institute’s strategic partners. The index, which has been published since 2020, serves as a barometer on how business leaders think their organisation is faring. The discussion looks at what UK businesses can do to catch up with peers in the G7 and how governments can help them to get there.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Anthony Impey, CEO at Be the Business
• Hannah Barlow, Managing Director at Dunsters Farm
• Barry Leahey, President at Playdale

For more information on the topic:

• Be the Business, The G7 Productivity Business Index: Putting productivity in context, 2023.
• Be the Business, Productive Business Index, Edition Six, Q1 2023.
• FT, UK lags behind G7 peers on productivity due to ‘complacency’. July 18th, 2023
• FT, Why Productivity is So Weak and UK Companies, July 25th 2023.
• How to become a disruptive leader in a family business, Interview with Barry Leahey, Be the Business website.
• Dunsters Farm: The evolution of a family-run business in unprecedented times, Overview by Be the Business, including regular interviews over 2020/21.
• Do your research before investing in new tech, Interview with Tom Mathew and Hannah Barlow, Dunsters Farm, on how to make big investment decisions, Be the Business.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

What have policies to boost science, technology and innovation done for productivity? Which policies are most effective? Which countries have been most successful in using them? This episode of Productivity Puzzles steps away from the usual panel format to engage in a reflective conversation between Bart van Ark and Dirk Pilat, a seasoned expert with over three decades of experience in shaping science, technology, and innovation policies.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by

• Dirk Pilat, Research Fellow at The Productivity Institute, University of Manchester; and the Valencia Institute of Economic Research.

For more information on the topic:

• Bart van Ark, Klaas de Vries and Dirk Pilat (2023), Are Pro-Productivity Policies Fit for Purpose? Productivity Drivers and Policies in G-20 Economies, Working Paper, The Productivity Institute. (Available on 15th September 2023).
• Dirk Pilat (2023), The Rise of Pro-Productivity Institutions: A Review of Analysis and Policy Recommendations. Productivity Insights Paper No. 015, The Productivity Institute.
• OECD (2023), Artificial Intelligence in Science. Challenges, Opportunities and the Future of Research, Paris.
• Chiara Criscuolo et al. (2023), Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries, OECD, Paris.
• Nicholas Bloom et al. (2020), “Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?”, American Economic Review, 110(4): 1104–1144.
• Chander Velu et al. (2023), Adoption of Quantum Technologies and Business Model Innovation, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge.
• Matt Clancy, et al. (2023), Want to speed scientific progress? First understand how science policy works, Nature, 24 August 2023.
• Luc Soete, et al. (2022), Economic Impact of Public R&D: An International Perspective, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 31, pp. 1-18.
• Paul Nightingale and James Phillips (2023), Is the UK a world leader in science?, James W Phillips Substack.

About Productivity Puzzles

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

How have some troubled cities overseas turned themselves around? What did they invest in? How did they organise themselves? Cities are concentrations of economic activity where businesses tend to locate, not just because many of their customers are there, but also because that’s where most of the skilled workers live and where – more broadly – innovation is happening. Economists call this agglomeration effects. But these benefits do not come automatically. Some cities have successfully reinvented themselves, but others struggled in this transformation, such as Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow. What lessons can be learned for the UK from successful Turnaround Cities?

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Philip McCann, Professor of Urban and Regional Economics at Alliance Manchester Business School
• Susanne Frick, Postdoctoral Research Associate, Blavatnik School of Government
• Ian Taylor, Research and Policy Associate, Blavatnik School of Government

For more information on the topic:

• Resolution Foundation (2023), Lessons from successful ‘turnaround’ cities for the UK, London.
• Susanne Frick and Paula Prenzel (2023), Turnaround Cities: German Case Studies. Insights from Dortmund, Duisburg and Leipzig, Blavatnik School of Government.
• Susanne Frick(2023), Turnaround Cities: French Case Study: Insights from Lille, Blavatnik School of Government.
• Susanne Frick (2023), Turnaround Cities: Spanish Case Study: Insights from the Basque Country & Bilbao, Blavatnik School of Government.
• Ian Taylor (2023), Turnaround Cities: Anglo-Saxon Case Studies. Insights from Pittsburgh (PA), Newcastle (NSW) and Windsor (Ont.), Blavatnik School of Government.
• Philip McCann (2021), The Fiscal Implications of ‘Levelling Up’ and UK Governance Devolution, Productivity Insights Paper, No. 008, The Productivity Institute.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. 

Will artificial intelligence rescue us from the productivity demise? If humans cannot get productivity up, can intelligent machines bring about the productivity revival? While certainly not the only digital technology that has come along in the past few decades, AI perhaps speaks to our imagination more than all those before it as it directly impacts on the daily activities of many listeners to this podcast. This episode analyses various facets of AI, including generative AI, its potential applications, estimations of productivity gains, drivers and barriers to adoption, labour market effects, and the UK's strategic response.

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Erik Brynjolfsson, Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Professor and Senior Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI (HAI), and Director of the Stanford Digital Economy Lab.
• Tera Allas, Director of Research and Economics at McKinsey & Company, UK.
• Lea Samek, Economist at the OECD Science, Technology & Innovation Directorate.

For more information on the topic:

• Martin Neil Baily, Erik Brynjolfsson, and Anton Korinek (2023), Machines of mind: The case for an AI-powered productivity boom, Brookings.

• McKinsey & Company (2023), The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier, June.

• Jan Hatzius et al. (2023), The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth, Goldman Sachs.

• Flavio Calvino and Luca Fontanelli (2023), A portrait of AI adopters across countries: Firm characteristics, assets’ complementarities and productivity, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2023/02.

• Andrew Green and Lucas Lamb (2023), The supply, demand and characteristics of the AI workforce across OECD countries, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 287.

• Department for Science, Innovation & Technology (2023), A pro-innovation approach to AI regulation, London, March.

• The human capital behind AI : Jobs and skills demand from online job postings | OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers | OECD iLibrary (oecd-ilibrary.org)

• Calvino, F., Samek, L., Squicciarini, M., and Morris, C. (2022), Identifying and characterising AI adopters: A novel approach based on big data, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2022/06, OECD Publishing, Paris.

• Samek, L., Squicciarini, M., and Cammeraat, E. (2021), The human capital behind AI: Jobs and skills demand from online job postings, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 120, OECD Publishing, Paris.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. 

Can we make the economy greener and still be productive? Or even better, can productivity help us to make the economy greener? This episode of Productivity Puzzles examines what climate change and the transition to a Net Zero means for productivity, and whether the challenges to green the economy make it even harder to raise productivity. Crucially, can productivity help to make the economy greener? Can green technology and innovation be used more productively than other technologies?

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Anna Valero, Senior Policy Fellow at the Centre for Economic Performance at the LSE and Deputy Director of the Programme on Innovation and Diffusion (POID).
• Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Senior Economist in the Productivity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Division, Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), OECD.
• Jonatan Pinkse, Professor of Strategy, IMP Innovation, Strategy and Sustainability, at the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (MIoIR), Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester.

For more information on the topic:

• Resolution Foundation (2022), Growing clean: Identifying and investing in sustainable growth opportunities across the UK, The Economy 2030 Inquiry.
• The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, POID, CEP (2021), Are ‘green’ jobs good jobs? How lessons from the experience to-date can inform labour market transitions of the future. 
• Frank Geels, Jonatan Pinkse, Dimitri Zenghelis (2021) Productivity opportunities and risks in a transformative, low-carbon and digital age. Working Paper No. 009, The Productivity Institute.
• OECD (2023), Driving low-carbon innovations for climate neutrality, Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 143
• Mission Zero. Independent Review of Net Zero, Chris Skidmore, 2022

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. 

Is the five-day work week becoming something of the past? Does working less make us and the organisations that we work for better off? Could it even make us more productive?

This episode explores the four-day work week, which has become a popular topic in the media, chats at the water-cooler, and, more recently, in boardrooms. With more firms committing to a shorter work week without a noticeable cut in workers’ wages, Bart and his guests look at how we could maintain productivity while reducing hours by around 20%. To put it differently, can productivity per hour be increased by 25%?

Host Professor Bart van Ark is joined by:

• Nina Jörden, Research Associate with the Bennett Institute for Public Policy at the University of Cambridge.
• Joe Ryle, Director of the 4 Day Week Campaign and Media and Communications Lead at Autonomy.
• Jon Boys, Senior Labour Market Economist at the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

For more information on the topic:

• Autonomy, The results are in: the UK's four-day week pilot, February 2023.
• Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, The four-day week: Employer perspectives on moving to a shorter working week, October 2022.

About Productivity Puzzles:

Productivity Puzzles is brought to you by The Productivity Institute, a research body involving nine academic institutions across the UK, eight Regional Productivity Forums throughout the nation, and a national independent Productivity Commission to advise policy makers at all levels of government. It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.