According to the Alzheimer’s Association, nearly seven million Americans currently suffer from that type of dementia. Experts expect that more will be burdened with it in the future, as baby boomers continue to reach advanced ages. Many people are eager to protect the brain from deterioration. In this episode, we discuss an unexpected approach to lowering your risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) and other dementias–get a shingles shot!

At The People’s Pharmacy, we strive to bring you up‑to‑date, rigorously researched insights and conversations about health, medicine, wellness and health policies and health systems. While these conversations intend to offer insight and perspective, the content is provided solely for informational and educational purposes. Please consult your healthcare provider before making any changes to your medical care or treatment.

You could listen through your local public radio station or get the live stream at 7 am EST on Saturday, March 7, 2026, through your computer or smart phone (wunc.org).  Here is a link so you can find which stations carry our broadcast. If you can’t listen to the broadcast, you may wish to hear the podcast later. You can subscribe through your favorite podcast provider, download the mp3 using the link at the bottom of the page, or listen to the stream on this post starting on March 9, 2026.

Our guest, Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, has led three impressive studies that took advantage of natural experiments to see if vaccination against shingles could protect the brain from dementia. The results were remarkably consistent and encouraging.

In Wales, when the Zostavax shot against shingles first became available, public health authorities established eligibility criteria to get it through the national health system. Welsh citizens had to be born on or after September 2, 1933, to get the shot. This created a situation in which two groups of people differed only by birth date and by whether or not they were immunized. (Most people who were eligible for the shot got it.) This mimics a randomized clinical trial in which the only difference between two groups is the intervention. The absolute risk reduction over 7 years was 3.5%, which means that people who got the shot were 20% less likely (relative risk) to be diagnosed with dementia. That big difference is statistically significant (Nature, April 2, 2025).

Wales is not the only country that set up eligibility requirements. Australia did, too. In Australia, everyone between 70 and 79 years old as of Nov. 1, 2016, could get a free shingles shot and many people did. Here, too, you have a group of senior citizens who differ from each other only by whether they got vaccinated and whether their birthdays were slightly earlier or later. In this case, the absolute reduction in risk of dementia over 7 years was 1.8% (JAMA, April 23, 2025).  This difference was also significant.

Another natural experiment comes not from a nation, but from a province of our norther neighbor, Canada. The province of Ontario decided that people born on or after Jan. 1, 1946, could get a shingles vaccination. People just slightly older were not eligible. Do you recognize a pattern? When the investigators analyzed health records from 1990 to 2022, they found that people eligible for the vaccine based on their date of birth were 2% less likely to get a dementia diagnosis. In other provinces of Canada that had different rules for vaccination eligibility, people don’t show a significant difference in dementia risk based on their birthday. (Lancet Neurology, Feb. 2026).

The original shingles vaccine, Zostavax, was the one available for all these natural experiments. For the most part it has now been replaced by a newer version called Shingrix, which uses different technology. Studies show that Shingrix is better at preventing shingles outbreaks and post-herpetic neuralgia, the lingering pain after shingles (Vaccines, April 28, 2025).  It is unclear whether it would also work better to protect the brain from Alzheimer disease. At least one study suggests it works quite well in reducing the risk of dementia (Vaccine, Feb. 5, 2025).

For decades, the pharmaceutical industry has focused its anti-Alzheimer efforts on amyloid plaques that are a pathological feature of brains afflicted with Alzheimer disease. They were apparent in the very first brain described by Alois Alzheimer at the turn of the 20th century. But the assumption that getting rid of amyloid plaque would solve the problem has not borne fruit. The FDA has approved three compounds that are quite effective at reducing amyloid plaque in the brain. Two, lecanemab (Leqembi) and donanemab (Kisunla), are still on the market. Their impact on cognitive decline and functionality of AD patients is unimpressive.

It seems odd that neurologists might be resistant to the idea of an infection such as chickenpox (the virus behind shingles) or herpes (which causes cold sores and genital lesions) changing brain function. More than a hundred years ago, before the development of effective antibiotics, doctors were quite aware that tertiary syphilis could lead to dementia. Other infections such as Chlamydia pneumoniae may also interfere with brain function. The COVID pandemic demonstrated that the SARS CoV-2 virus can cause brain fog, and we worry that people with long COVID may be at higher risk for dementia.

One immunization outcome that Dr. Geldsetzer’s team uncovered may help with treatment. In Wales, people with dementia who got the shingles vaccine had a slower progression of their cognitive decline. (Cell, Dec. 11, 2025).  This suggests that whatever it is doing to protect the brain may extend into the disease process itself. This definitely deserves more research. Dr. Geldsetzer would like to conduct a true randomized clinical trial to explore this possibility and to tease the differences, if any, between Zostavax and Shingrix with respect to their effects on dementia prevention.

Pascal Geldsetzer, MD, PhD, MPH is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Stanford University and a Biohub Investigator. His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages. In 2026, he was named one of the 100 most influential people in health and medicine globally by TIME Magazine (The TIME100 Health list) for his work on the link between shingles vaccination and dementia. He is currently trying to raise funds from philanthropy for a large-scale clinical trial of shingles vaccination for dementia prevention.

Pascal Geldsetzer, MD
Courtesy Stanford Medicine

The podcast of this program will be available Monday, March 9, 2026, after broadcast on March 7. You can stream the show from this site and download the podcast for free.

You can also listen to our previous interview with Dr. Geldsetzer. It is Show 1394: Viruses, Vaccines and Alzheimer Disease.

Download the mp3 of this show, or listen to the podcast on Apple Podcasts or Spotify.

A transcript of this show was created using automated speech-to-text software (AI-powered transcription), then carefully reviewed and edited for clarity. While we’ve done our best to ensure both readability and accuracy, please keep in mind that some mistakes may remain. If you have any questions regarding the content of this show, we encourage you to review the original audio recording. This transcript is copyrighted material, all rights reserved. No part of this transcript may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form without prior written permission.

Joe

00:00-00:01

I’m Joe Graedon.

Terry

00:01-00:05

And I’m Terry Graedon. Welcome to this podcast of The People’s Pharmacy.

Joe

00:06-00:25

You can find previous podcasts and more information on a range of health topics at peoplespharmacy.com. Alzheimer disease is one of the cruelest conditions. It robs people of their memories and their personalities. This is The People’s Pharmacy with Terry and Joe Graedon.

Terry

00:34-00:42

For decades, drug companies have focused almost exclusively on removing amyloid plaque from the brain. That hasn’t worked very well.

Joe

00:43-00:55

Research has been accumulating that pathogens might be contributing to dementia. There’s growing evidence that the shingles vaccine might be able to reduce the risk of developing dementia.

Terry

00:55-01:03

Today, we’ll speak with Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, the lead investigator behind that research. He’ll explain these natural experiments.

Joe

01:03-01:09

Coming up on The People’s Pharmacy, can vaccines protect the brain from dementia?

Terry

01:14-02:05

In The People’s Pharmacy Health Headlines: Measles cases continue to climb.

The CDC reported 160 new cases during the last week of February. The total in just two months is 1,136 confirmed cases from 27 states. That’s way more than last year at this time, and it may be an underestimate.

According to the Johns Hopkins University Center for Outbreak Response, the total is actually 1,189. Many measles cases go unreported. We are likely to beat last year’s record of 2,281 cases by spring and shoot way past it. States that have been hardest hit include South Carolina, Florida, and Texas. Utah, Arizona, and Ohio are also reporting new cases.

Joe

02:06-02:46

Many older adults maintain that measles is not that big a deal because they remember catching this highly infectious disease as children. But the CDC points out that one in five unvaccinated youngsters will be hospitalized. One out of every 10 children with measles will get an ear infection. One in 20 will develop pneumonia and one in a thousand will develop brain encephalitis.

Because measles is considered the most contagious virus known to man, it’s likely that this disease will continue to accelerate unless people begin to follow Dr. Mehmet Oz’s advice from last month: “Take the vaccine, please.”

Terry

02:48-03:45

GLP-1 drugs such as Ozempic and Wegovy have clear benefits in that they help control blood sugar and enable people to lose weight. Other possible outcomes include reduced cravings for alcohol, improved kidney and heart health, and reduced fatty liver disease.

But there are a number of gastrointestinal side effects that can be quite distressing. Now, two new studies suggest that GLP-1 drugs may also increase the risk for osteoporosis or bone fracture. An Israeli study included records for more than 46,000 older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Those on GLP-1 drugs were 11% more likely to experience a fragility fracture. Whether it’s caused indirectly by weight loss or directly from the medicines remains to be determined. Previous research has shown that exercise can help moderate the risk of bone loss.

Joe

03:46-04:28

Just as GLP-1 drugs have some unexpected side effects, such as osteoporosis, they may also have some unanticipated benefits. Researchers from Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia conducted an analysis of medical records.

People with chronic migraine were 10% less likely to visit the ER if they started taking a prescribed GLP-1 medication. The comparison group was people with chronic migraine taking topiramate, an anticonvulsant used to prevent migraine. In addition, those on GLP-1 medicines were 14% less likely to be hospitalized and 13% less likely to get a new triptan prescription for treating migraine.

Terry

04:28-05:16

A research letter in JAMA this week reports that American teenagers are not getting enough sleep. The study looked at trends from 2007 to 2023. The percentage of students reporting insufficient sleep increased from 68.9% in 2007 to 76.8% in 2023, the investigators write. The number of adolescents who sleep five hours or less a night increased dramatically.

An accompanying editorial notes that inadequate sleep is linked to academic struggles, cognitive difficulties, and depression. It recommends changes in school start times and reduced use of phones and tablets in the evening.

Joe

05:17-06:03

People have been paying increasing attention to the microbiome of their digestive tracts. To find out what bacteria and other microorganisms they’re hosting, some people turn to testing laboratories. How reliable are the results?

A study recently found a serious lack of quality control among direct-to-consumer testing services. The authors conclude that their rigorous assessment of seven microbiome testing companies has spotlighted the systemic issue of poor comparability that plagues the industry. They blame methodological variability.

Until this problem can be rectified, health care providers and patients can’t trust stool testing data to give them reliable results.

And that’s the health news from the People’s Pharmacy this week.

Terry

06:14-06:17

Welcome to the People’s Pharmacy. I’m Terry Graedon.

Joe

06:17-06:25

And I’m Joe Graedon. The Alzheimer’s Association states that there are more than 7 million Americans currently dealing with dementia.

Terry

06:26-06:38

The problem is likely to get worse, as the baby boomers age. The impact on families and society is daunting. Is there anything we can do to reduce the likelihood of developing dementia?

Joe

06:39-07:10

To help us answer that question, we turn to Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer. He’s an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University and a Biohub investigator.

His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages.

In 2026, Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in health and medicine globally for his work on the link between shingles vaccination and dementia.

Terry

07:12-07:15

Welcome back to The People’s Pharmacy, Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

07:16-07:17

Thanks a lot for having me.

Joe

07:18-07:51

Dr. Geldsetzer, it’s great to have you back. And since we last talked with you, you are now in the realm of superstardom because of your third study. We’ll get to your studies in a moment with vaccines against dementia.

But first, I’d really like to find out, how did you come up with this idea in the first place? The notion that there was a natural experiment just waiting to be tested. How did that get hatched?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

07:52-08:30

Yeah, well, I had this NIH New Innovator Award to look at using this method that we’re using here in our natural experiments. And we came upon the Shingles vaccination program in the UK as this beautiful textbook example of this approach that we could use.

And then, of course, we knew about this growing literature around herpes viruses that preferentially target your nervous system and a potential link to dementia.

And in this older age group, we thought the natural outcome to look at for us would be dementia. And that’s really how it all started.

Terry

08:31-08:41

Dr. Geldsetzer, do explain to us the natural experiment. You mentioned the UK. I think it was in Wales. What constitutes a natural experiment?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

08:42-11:33

So it’s essentially a different approach than we usually use in epidemiology and analyses of electronic health record data sets, medical claims data. Usually what we do in these studies is that we compare those who get a certain medication or a vaccine to those who don’t.

And the basic problem and why often these studies are only considered to be at best hypothesis generating or suggestive but can’t get at cause and effect is that these individuals, those who decide to get vaccinated to those who don’t get vaccinated, are often very different in terms of their health motivations, health behaviors. And we have very little information on these variables, right? Like your dietary behavior, your physical activity levels.

So it’s very hard to adjust for all of these differences. And we never really know whether what we’re looking at is an actual cause and effect or just that those who happen to live a healthier lifestyle of some sort or be healthier in general are the ones who decide to get vaccinated as well and therefore have a lower risk of dementia or other health outcomes.

What we do in this natural experiment is that we’re using different comparison groups where we don’t rely on having perfect information on your diet and physical activity levels. Instead, we’re trying to find comparison groups that must be similar to each other in all respects.

And here we have this beautiful situation in the UK and in some other countries as well in the way in which they rolled out the shingles vaccine. So specifically, for example, in the UK, they said, you are ineligible if you had your 80th birthday just prior to the start date of the shingles vaccination program, which happened to be September 1st, 2013. And you were eligible if you had it just after. So we have these beautiful comparison groups where all that’s different about them is whether they were born just a week earlier or a week later.

And we know if I take a thousand people born one week, a thousand people born a week later, there shouldn’t be anything different about them in their physical activity levels, diets, etc. So we have beautiful comparison groups. And all that’s different about them is this massive difference in their probability of ever getting the shingles vaccine.

And then we can look at health outcomes very similar to a situation in a clinical trial where you throw a coin and you assign people to control or intervention.

And here, essentially, by random chance, just like the coin, people are born just a little bit earlier or a little bit later. So that’s why we are so excited about this research and why we really think we’re much more plausibly able to get at cause and effect rather than just correlation.

Terry

11:35-11:43

And what you found was that there was a difference in the likelihood that people would develop dementia after they were 80, right?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

11:44-13:05

Absolutely. So we see these strong protective signals. So that was our first paper published in Nature last year, where we show that shingles vaccination appears to avert one in five new dementia diagnoses over seven years. Then we show a similarly large protective effect in Australia using primary care data from Australia. That was published just a few weeks after in JAMA.

And most recently, we show this also in Canada, where Ontario was the one Canadian province that rolled out the vaccine using these date-of-birth cut-offs. Other Canadian provinces didn’t, and we only see this effect as expected in Ontario. We have got many other analyses, publications in the works.

We seem to be seeing these strong protective patterns in data set after data set from different countries that rolled out the vaccine using these specific date of birth cutoffs. And it just together provides, I think, a uniquely compelling body of evidence that we’ve never had really for an intervention from observational data because we usually never have these beautiful natural experiments that we can exploit like we’re doing here with shingles vaccination.

Joe

13:05-13:32

So Dr. Geldsetzer, you are three for three. You’re batting a thousand. It’s an amazing accomplishment. And you have other studies in the works. So can you just give us some sense of how they compare to one another? Are the results similar or substantially different?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

13:33-13:54

No, they are similar. Of course, the data sources are always a bit different. There are advantages and disadvantages. So what exactly we can look at and how [it] differs a little bit between data sets. But generally speaking, they all show the same strong protective signals that we have shown in our published studies so far.

Joe

13:54-14:07

Now, one of the things that’s sort of fascinating about your research is that it used what we’ll call an old shingles vaccine. I think it was called Zostavax?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

14:08-14:09

Yes, correct.

Joe

14:10-14:22

And that has now disappeared. We now have a, quote unquote, new and more effective shingles vaccine called Shingrix. It requires two shots.

Terry

14:23-14:30

We know it’s more effective against shingles. We don’t know if it would be more effective against dementia.

Joe

14:30-14:57

Well, we don’t know if it’ll even work against dementia. So that’s the big question. But we know that the old shingles vaccine was surprisingly effective at preventing an onset of dementia after several years.

What is your thinking when it comes to the new, high-powered, more effective shingles vaccine called Shingrix?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

14:58-16:29

Yeah, that’s a very important question. I think it really comes down to what we think the effect mechanism is. If we think what links shingles vaccination to dementia is a reduction in reactivations of the chickenpox virus.

So we know the chickenpox virus remains with you for life, hibernated in your nervous system after you contract chickenpox, usually in childhood. And it’s in this constant interplay with the immune system.

It presumably causes some inflammatory processes. We know inflammation is a key process, a bad thing in many chronic diseases. So reducing these reactivations through shingles vaccination may well have benefits.

If that is the mechanism, then we would think the newer vaccine should have at least the same protective effects for dementia because it’s more efficacious at reducing these reactivations than the old shingles vaccine.

However, if we think that the effect mechanism might be through a potentially virus-independent, broader effect on the immune system, a boost to the immune system, if you like, which we know exists for many vaccines and particularly for these live-attenuated vaccines, which is the Zostavax, the old shingles vaccine, is a live-attenuated vaccine, while the newer one is not, then it’s an open question whether the newer vaccine has similar benefits or larger or smaller benefits.

Terry

16:31-16:36

Dr. Geldsetzer, how have your colleagues responded to your research?

Joe

16:36-16:52

And I’d like to follow up on that question because for decades, we have put all our chips on the anti-amyloid approach. This is completely new, and you have about a minute to finish that before the break.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

16:53-17:35

Yeah, so it’s actually been a very positive and encouraging reaction. People really, I think, understand that what we are generating here is a body of evidence from observational data that is very different and much more compelling than what we usually have for vaccines, other interventions when we do these observational data analyses.

People understand this basic intuition that our comparison groups here are virtually perfect comparison groups because all that’s different about them is this tiny difference in each. And so there’s a lot of excitement now in the dementia research community around this.

Terry

17:37-17:50

You’re listening to Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, Assistant Professor of Medicine at Stanford University and a Biohub investigator. His research focuses on evaluating interventions for improving the health of older individuals.

Joe

17:51-17:54

After the break, we’ll find out about the reaction to Dr. Geldsetzer’s research.

Terry

17:55-18:04

Has it spurred a new way of thinking about the development of Alzheimer’s disease? It certainly is a different path from the pharmaceutical focus on amyloid plaques.

Joe

18:04-18:11

The infection connection with dementia is not as new as it might seem. A hundred years ago, doctors knew syphilis caused dementia.

Terry

18:11-18:18

It seems that a range of microbes might be making trouble in the brain, from herpes and chickenpox to Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Joe

18:18-18:23

Will anti-vaccination sentiment have an impact on Dr. Geldsetzer’s work?

Terry

18:39-18:42

You’re listening to The People’s Pharmacy with Joe and Terry Graedon.

Joe

20:51-20:54

Welcome back to The People’s Pharmacy. I’m Joe Graedon.

Terry

20:54-21:09

And I’m Terry Graedon.

Terry

21:23-21:51

Today, we’re talking about novel natural experiments that unexpectedly revealed a connection between infection and dementia. Policies that set arbitrary cutoffs on eligibility for vaccination with the first shingles vaccine, Zostavax, allowed researchers to compare people who were vaccinated with those who were not. This situation resembled a gold standard randomized controlled trial.

Joe

21:51-22:24

This natural experiment was conducted in at least three different countries, Wales, Australia, and Canada. In all of them, vaccinated individuals did better than unvaccinated people when it came to developing dementia. Would the newer Shingrix vaccine be even more effective? Research just published in Nature Communications suggests that people who received this recombinant shingles vaccine were 51% less likely to be diagnosed with dementia.

Terry

22:24-22:42

Our guest today is Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University and a biohub investigator. His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages.

Joe

22:43-23:42

Dr. Geldsetzer, I would assume that the pharmaceutical industry would be incredibly excited about your research because up until now, they’ve spent billions, perhaps tens of billions of dollars down the anti-amyloid… I won’t say exactly what I think, but down that path that has not led to much in the way of real improvement or prevention of Alzheimer’s or dementia.

So along comes Dr. Geldsetzer and his colleagues, and they show that a vaccine might be effective and it might be some sort of infectious process. I mean, we’re talking about the virus that causes chickenpox. So how has the pharmaceutical industry responded to your research? And is it spurring a whole new way of thinking about Alzheimer’s disease and dementia?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

23:43-25:47

I do think that it is playing into, but I think generally in the dementia research community, including in the pharmaceutical industry, there’s increasing openness, I think, to other hypotheses of dementia, of Alzheimer’s disease, than the amyloid cascade. Because so far, as you’re saying, some of the large investments really have provided relatively modest output.

And there’s increasing evidence that other pathways seem to also play an important role. And this year, of course, is one of these. There’s also increasing awareness of chronic disease consequences of infectious diseases more generally, for example, due to the COVID pandemic and some of the links between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and neurological consequences. So it’s certainly, I think, further opening up the openness to these possibilities.

And I think, you know, for us, the next step is really trying to generate funds to run a true clinical trial on this question to be able to more conclusively test this research question. But of course, we want to use the old live-attenuated vaccine, which is off-patent, because that is the vaccine for which we have all this evidence from our natural experiments.

But I think if we can provide this proof of concept that what we’re seeing in our natural experiments are true cause and effect relationships, it would be of such important implications for population health, for dementia research, that we must run this trial. And because it’s an off-patent vaccine, we are really hoping for philanthropy, private foundations to support us in getting this done.

Terry

25:50-26:38

I would like to point out that the infection connection with dementia is actually not quite as new as we are imagining. A hundred years ago, or more than a hundred years ago, doctors treating patients with dementia knew that one of the possible causes of dementia was tertiary syphilis.

Now, we think of syphilis as a sexually transmitted disease, which it is. It was, and it still is. But back in those days, before antibiotics, it could get to a state where it gets into the brain and actually causes pretty severe dementia. How did we forget that?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

26:39-27:52

Well, I think it’s always been a hypothesis in the field. But generally, it’s always been very niche because we haven’t, well, the focus was on other hypotheses, particularly the amyloid cascade. And the evidence around infectious diseases and dementia was always just in the correlational realm.

So it was always comparing individuals who [were], you know, who fell sick from a certain infection or contracted a certain pathogen versus those who didn’t. And as I was saying earlier, these are always very different, usually, comparison groups, right? People who get a certain condition may have other differences to those who don’t in the immune system, in their exposure to other things in life.

So we’ve never had the evidence that we have now where we have natural experiment evidence and beautiful comparison groups to show this link potentially between here an infectious agent and dementia.

Joe

27:54-30:02

Dr. Geldsetzer, I’m fascinated by the idea that infections, a variety of infections, might in some way be causing dementia. So Terry mentioned neurosyphilis going way back over 100 years. But not that long ago, 30, 40 years ago, there was some suggestion that herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and 2, might somehow get into the brain. And, you know, we know that cold sores, for example, it’s the virus traveling down the nerve to manifest itself. And, of course, sexually transmitted disease, herpes, too, can also do that. But it can also maybe go up into the brain.

And so this idea that there were herpes infections, and by the way, chickenpox, varicella zoster, that causes shingles is also a herpes virus. So there were these viral infections. And more recently, there have been some studies suggesting that bacterial infections, something called C. pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, which is not a sexually transmitted disease. It’s a respiratory disease that affects the nasal passages in the lungs.

So you have C. pneumoniae, which is also easily transmitted. And then you have some other bacterial infections. I think there may be some other germs that are bad for our brains. And Dr. Geldsetzer may have a better sense of what they are. But the idea that there are a bunch of, we’ll call them pathogens, that might trigger inflammatory reactions in the brain, the neuroscience community has been somewhat resistant to that, even though it’s been out there for decades. Your thoughts?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

30:05-31:52

True, but in the neuroscience community’s defense as well, um we’ve never had really strong evidence on the link between these infectious agents and dementia. But you can argue easily that we should have this evidence. We should have invested by now in clinical trials for example, that treat some of these pathogens that you’re mentioning and see whether it reduces your risk of dementia.

I will say, though, as well, that for the virus that causes shingles, we have a special pathogen, I think, in the sense that we know it preferentially targets your nervous system. And we know that it is in this constant interplay with the immune system and that these reactivations of the virus become more common with age.

And so the idea that it may sort of act as a chronic stressor to the immune system over life and accelerate some of these chronic inflammatory pathways, the weakening of the immune system with old age, and that this may be bad for dementia disease development, maybe potentially other conditions in the nervous system, is, I think, not far-fetched. It’s highly biologically plausible. And that is a case that we don’t have for many other pathogens.

So, yeah, I do think there’s something special to be said about the biological plausibility of the virus that causes shingles.

Terry

31:52-32:31

Dr. Geldsetzer, we have seen over the last five or six years or perhaps a little bit longer, the development of a great deal of polarization. We have political polarization, and it’s spilled over into public health so that we have some individuals with a fair amount of prominence who have become anti-vaccination.

How do you think this will affect both your research and any potential intervention that we might develop from your research?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

32:33-33:23

It’s hard to say. So for me really, you know I’m focused on generating the most rigorous research evidence that I can. That is everything that that I’m focused on. And I, as I was saying I’m turning particularly to to private foundations and philanthropy to hopefully be able to get a true clinical trial on this question of shingles vaccination and dementia off the ground.

Because I think this would be such an important finding that we need this trial. And that’s really what I’m focused on. And I don’t think it’s my place to comment on broader societal and political issues.

Joe

33:23-34:25

One of the things that distresses me is that the pharmaceutical industry has poured, as I mentioned, billions of dollars into the development of anti-amyloid drugs. And we had the great honor to interview Dr. Moir at Harvard, who had come up with the idea that amyloid might be an immune reaction to infection.

In other words, it was the body’s natural immune system trying to fight off some kind of infectious agent. And unfortunately, he has died. But there are some researchers who sort of agree with him that maybe the amyloid hypothesis that if we could just get rid of amyloid, we could solve the problem, which doesn’t seem to have been the case, may have been somewhat counterproductive.

Your thoughts about that original research and where it stands today?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

34:26-35:28

Yeah, I think it’s a very exciting line of research. And there has been more evidence generated in that line since Dr. Moir’s pioneering work on that front.

So, for example, recently, there has been a team around William Eimer and Rudy Tanzi at Harvard who have shown that P-tau, so the other hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, are these tau protein tangles. That they also appear to be produced or generated at least partially in response to herpes virus infection.

So I think there is an increasing body of evidence that this antimicrobial hypothesis, as it’s called, of dementia, of Alzheimer’s disease, may well be an important line of evidence.

Joe

35:28-36:23

So as I’ve mentioned, billions of dollars have been spent to try and get rid of amyloid in the body. And you would think, I mean, I would think that the pharmaceutical industry would be knocking down your door saying, Dr. Geldsetzer, please take our money. We want you to do this extraordinarily important research on vaccinations.

So we’d like you to go back and look at that old vaccine that we have seen disappear from the marketplace. And, oh, by the way, we’d like you to test the new vaccine, the Shingrix vaccine, not so new anymore. But, you know, here’s $50 billion. Do this research immediately and gather your colleagues together. Why aren’t they knocking down your door?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

36:24-37:22

Well, it is a large investment to run a clinical trial. And in fairness, we don’t fully understand the mechanism that links Shingles vaccination to dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. That’s, of course, important. It could lead to many new insights that could lead to other potential treatments, therapeutics, preventative tools.

And of course, one obstacle as well here is that the evidence from our natural experiments is for this old live-attenuated vaccine, which is an off-patent vaccine. It’s not used very widely anymore in most countries. And yeah, that’s really the main reason, I think, why I’m turning to hoping for philanthropy and private foundations to support the clinical trial.

Joe

37:22-37:48

You know, there is an old vaccine, a really old vaccine called BCG. It’s a vaccine that was developed primarily against tuberculosis. There’s a little bit of data that suggests that maybe BCG would have some, we’ll call it anti-dementia benefits.

In the minute we have before the break, your thoughts about BCG and the data that’s been created?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

37:49-38:21

Yeah, so BCG is known. It’s also a live-attenuated vaccine, just like the old shingles vaccine. And it’s known to have strong indirect effects on the immune system that appear to be important for a variety of health outcomes.

So I don’t think it’s, you know, far-fetched to think that BCG may have effects on dementia disease development as well, particularly in older age.

Terry

38:22-38:40

You’re listening to Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University and a biohub investigator. His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages.

Joe

38:41-38:48

After the break, we’ll consider whether antibiotics could play a role in reducing the risk of dementia.

Terry

38:49-38:57

Given Dr. Geldsetzer’s research, it seems that the shingles vaccine might be a therapeutic tool in addition to helping with prevention.

Joe

38:58-39:09

Scientists once thought that the brain was sterile, no bacteria, no viruses. But now it seems that it has a distinct microbiome of its own.

Terry

39:09-39:17

Well, one thing we worry about is the possibility that COVID could increase the risk for dementia. How will we find out?

Joe

39:17-39:24

What can we all do to reduce our chances of developing dementia? We’ll get Dr. Geldsetzer’s recommendations.

Terry

39:24-39:28

He’ll also tell us about the research he hopes to conduct going forward.

Joe

39:28-39:33

How does he plan to study the infection connection with Alzheimer’s disease?

Terry

39:38-39:42

You’re listening to The People’s Pharmacy with Joe and Terry Graedon.

Joe

39:50-39:53

Welcome back to The People’s Pharmacy. I’m Joe Graedon.

Terry

39:53-40:07

And I’m Terry Graedon.

Terry

40:22-40:56

Our topic today is the infection connection with dementia. If vaccines could help delay or prevent the onset of Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias, might other anti-infective approaches also be valuable? Could vaccines help fight off dementia even after cognitive decline has begun? Dr. Geldsetzer’s research focused on the first-generation shingles vaccine called Zostavax. A new study suggests that the Shingrix vaccination might also provide protection. What about antibiotics?

Joe

40:57-41:16

If bacteria like Chlamydia pneumoniae are contributing to brain problems, is it possible that treating people for infection would be helpful?

Are there other bacteria or possibly even fungi that might make brain function worse? What else can we do to reduce our risk of dementia?

Terry

41:17-41:35

We’re talking today with Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University and a Biohub investigator. His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages.

Joe

41:37-43:18

Dr. Geldsetzer, your research is really compelling when it comes to the issue of vaccines, especially the older vaccine, against the possibility of developing dementia, kind of what we’ll call a preventive strategy. And of course, there are literally 6 million Americans who would like to know, well, what can I do now about treatment?

And there was a fascinating study in Nature Communications just recently in which the authors quoted a study from Taiwan. And they said, and I’m going to read, notably, a recent nationwide cohort study in Taiwan demonstrated that the antibiotic treatment targeting Chlamydia pneumoniae significantly reduced the risk of Alzheimer’s disease onset.

These findings suggest that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection may exacerbate Alzheimer’s disease pathology and that therapeutic strategies targeting Chlamydia pneumoniae could potentially slow or mitigate AD progression. And the antibiotic in particular that they were looking at was something called a macrolide, azithromycin, Z-Pak.

And I’m curious if you’ve thought at all about antibiotics as a treatment or a preventive when it comes to dementia for people who may be infected with a bacteria such as C. pneumoniae?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

43:21-45:10

Yeah, so I think it’s a very interesting study. Of course, as I was saying earlier, it also has this fundamental limitation that we always have in these observational data analyses usually, that patients who get this infection or patients who get this infection and then are treated versus those who don’t get the treatment for whatever reason.

You know, it’s hard to know whether these are good comparison groups and whether we can really say what we’re seeing here as correlation, or actually reflect cause and effect. So that is why I think this evidence to really show a cause and effect relationship would require a clinical trial. I’m not saying that this is not true. I’m just saying that really to provide rigorous evidence that there does appear to be a link would require, in this case, a clinical trial, because there’s no opportunity here to run a natural experiment on this particular question.

That is very different for Shingles vaccination, as I was saying earlier, of course. I would also say that for shingles vaccination, as you’re talking about therapeutics for dementia, we have shown in our paper in Cell in December that there are also benefits, it appears, from shingles vaccination for those who already have dementia at the time of getting vaccinated. So we see large reductions in your probability of dying from dementia in the future, which suggests that really the shingles vaccine isn’t just a preventative tool, but potentially also a therapeutic tool for dementia.

Joe

45:11-45:14

Whoa. Say that again. That’s incredible.

Terry

45:15-45:16

Yes, I think that’s really important.

Joe

45:17-45:21

So it’s not just preventing dementia over the next five…

Terry

45:21-45:24

Which in itself is a great thing.

Joe

45:24-45:33

That’s huge, but the idea that it could actually be beneficial in what we’ll call a treatment situation, that’s astonishing.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

45:34-46:29

Yes. So I think it was for us a very important question to look at using our natural experiment approach. So we’re using the same data and same approach as we have for our first study in Wales, where we show this reduction in dementia diagnosis. And we show that there appear to be benefits across the disease spectrum as far as we can ascertain it from electronic health record data.

So we show that among those without any record of cognitive impairment in the electronic health records, there is a reduction in your diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, sort of a pre-dementia stage, if you like. And we show that among those who already have dementia, there is this large reduction in your probability of dying from dementia, really suggesting that the Shingles vaccine appears to act across the disease spectrum and not just for this prevention of dementia.

Joe

46:29-46:56

Now, there are some people who may have tuned in late and they keep hearing you say this natural experiment. Could you very quickly summarize what made this a natural experiment and why it’s so critical because it’s not just one country. It’s not just the UK, Wales, but it’s also Australia and now Canada.

So you’re, like I said earlier, you’re hitting a thousand, three for three. Just give us that synopsis, please.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

46:58-48:22

Yes. So to show in clinical medicine that a new medication or a vaccine works for a certain indication, what we always need is a clinical trial. So we throw a coin and assign participants that way to a control group or an intervention group. And the power of this approach is that we know these comparison groups must be similar to each other on average, because all that’s different about them is whether the coin landed on heads or tails.

In our natural experiment, we are using the same approach. And so we are using or looking at individuals who were born just a little bit earlier and were therefore ineligible for the shingles vaccine in a number of countries. And very few people of these groups got vaccinated versus those who were born just a little bit later were eligible and a high proportion of them were vaccinated.

And so just like with a coin toss, we now have two beautiful comparison groups where essentially by random chance, people were born just a little bit earlier or a little bit later. And that’s why we’re able to generate evidence that’s not just correlational in nature like we usually have with observational data analysis, but actually likely reflect cause and effect.

Terry

48:22-48:56

Dr. Geldsetzer, I’d like to perhaps state the obvious. Sometimes that’s my position. But not all that long ago, we could talk to people who know a lot about the human body, and they would tell us, well, the brain is sterile, does not have a microbiome. And I think what we’re seeing with your research and some of the other related research we’ve been talking about this hour, there appears to be a microbiome in the brain. What do you say?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

48:59-49:56

Yes, so there’s definitely an increasing body of evidence that appears to show what you’re saying, that the brain is not sterile. But it’s also important to realize that what may link the virus that causes shingles to dementia may not be a direct invasion of the brain by the virus, but could be through chronic inflammatory processes. There’s lots of intertalk between different parts of the body and certainly between the peripheral nervous system, where we know the virus hibernates and your central nervous system, so the brain, and that these inflammatory processes may play a role in many chronic diseases. I think there’s increasing evidence, convincing evidence that this is a key process.

Joe

49:57-50:43

Dr. Geldsetzer, I’m curious what you think about COVID. Here is the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has invaded the bodies of hundreds of millions of people all around the world, billions by now. And for some people, it does produce brain fog as one of the symptoms. Is it possible that some of the people who have been infected with COVID will be at higher risk in future years? And when I say higher risk, I’m talking about cognitive issues.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

50:44-51:23

Right. It certainly is possible. I think we still don’t understand long COVID very well from a research perspective. But I think it’s a very important area of research, as you’re saying, because it’s such a widespread infection.

And, you know, even if it’s a small proportion of individuals in absolute numbers, it’s still a very important population health issue. And, yeah, certainly further investments in that area could provide really, really important insights for population health and not just for individual patients.

Joe

51:22-51:28

We here at The People’s Pharmacy like to give people news that they can use.

Terry

51:28-51:29

When we can.

Joe

51:29-52:28

Whenever that’s possible. And so if you were to look into your crystal ball to the future, but also what people can do here and now to reduce their risk of coming down with dementia.

First of all, your thoughts about shingles vaccine, even though your research was with the prior vaccine, which is no longer available, do you think the current vaccine, which is more effective, the Shingrix vaccine, is something that people should consider if they’re of a certain age? And what about other strategies?

I mean, we always hear that exercise, yes, of course, that’s very, very valuable in preventing dementia. And Terry, there are some other strategies as well. But what are your recommendations these days, Dr. Geldsetzer, to prevent this debilitating, horrific condition called dementia?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

52:30-53:45

Right. So the shingles vaccine is a recommended vaccine for older adults in the United States because it prevents shingles. And so, you know, the evidence that it may also have benefits for cognitive health in older age, for dementia disease development, I think only provides additional motivation to get vaccinated.

And yes, as you’re saying, you know, lifestyle interventions are also an important tool to reduce your risk of dementia in the future. But I think, you know, the beauty about the shingles vaccine is that it’s a one-off, relatively inexpensive, readily available, readily scalable and safe intervention. It’s not a lifestyle regimen that we know is hard to adhere to, that you have to maintain for decades. It’s not a monoclonal antibody therapy, which is what we currently have in the Alzheimer’s disease space, that has important risks as well for patients. We know this vaccine is a safe vaccine. So I think that’s what makes this particularly exciting about shingles vaccination.

Joe

53:46-54:06

If we were to put you in charge of the National Institutes of Health and give you a huge pot of money and say, okay, Dr. Geldsetzer, what else should we be doing to try and reduce this risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease? What kinds of research would you like to fund?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

54:08-54:37

I would certainly like to fund a large-scale clinical trial on shingles vaccination and dementia, as I was saying before, because it would have such important implications for population health and dementia research. And if there’s anyone out there, philanthropists who think this would be an exciting project and would help us get this off the ground, I’d be incredibly grateful.

Joe

54:37-54:39

How do they get in touch with you?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

54:37-54:55

So you can, probably email is the easiest. If you Google me, you’ll find my profile and my email. And, you know, I’ve been very excited to talk about our research, our plans, what we have in the works, et cetera.

Joe

54:56-55:18

Well, we will make sure that your email address at the university is on the show notes for today.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

55:04-55:06

Great. Thank you.

Joe

55:06-55:18

Are there any other areas, if you were to look into your crystal ball, when it comes to the infection connection with Alzheimer’s disease, that you would like to see pursued going forward?

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

55:21-56:17

Certainly more mechanistic research would be really important here for us to try to understand particularly how shingles vaccination appears to be reducing your risk of dementia, and this dementia disease development.

I don’t think I take the position that we must fully understand the mechanism before we run a clinical trial, because that’s something that will take a lot of money and a lot of time and will never have certainty. I think to me, having this proof of concept, and we don’t need to fully understand the mechanism to use this tool for reducing the risk of dementia.

So to me, you know, my priority is getting this clinical trial off the ground of the old, off-patent live-attenuated vaccine for dementia. But having said that, of course, mechanistic research is an important area of investment as well.

Terry

56:18-56:23

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer, thank you so much for talking with us on The People’s Pharmacy today.

Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer

56:25-56:27

Thank you for having me. Had a lot of fun.

Terry

56:29-57:22

You’ve been listening to Dr. Pascal Geldsetzer. He is an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University and a biohub investigator. His research focuses on identifying and evaluating the most effective interventions for improving health at older ages. In 2026, Time Magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in health and medicine globally for his work on the link between shingles vaccination and dementia.

He is currently trying to raise funds from philanthropy for a large-scale clinical trial of shingles vaccination for dementia prevention. You’ll find links to the research that we’ve been discussing in the show notes. That’s at www.peoplespharmacy.com.

Joe

57:23-57:33

Lyn Siegel produced today’s show. Al Wodarski engineered. Dave Graedon edits our interviews. B.J. Leiderman composed our theme music.

Terry

57:33-57:42

This show is a co-production of North Carolina Public Radio, WUNC, with the People’s Pharmacy.

Joe

57:42-58:14

Today’s show is number 1,464. You can find it online at peoplespharmacy.com. That’s where you can share your comments about this episode. You can also reach us through email. It’s radio at peoplespharmacy.com. We would be very grateful to hear from you. Has anyone in your family dealt with dementia? What was it like? If there were a vaccine that lowered your odds, would you get the vaccine?

Terry

58:14-58:24

Our interviews are available through your favorite podcast provider. You’ll find the podcast on our website on Monday morning.

Joe

58:24-58:51

At peoplespharmacy.com, you could sign up for our free online newsletter to get the latest news about important health stories. When you subscribe, you also have regular access to information about our weekly podcast. We would be grateful if you would write a review of The People’s Pharmacy and post it to the podcast platform you prefer. If you find our topics interesting, please share them with friends and family. In Durham, North Carolina, I’m Joe Graedon.

Terry

58:51-59:27

And I’m Terry Graedon. Thanks for listening. Please join us again next week. Thank you for listening to the People’s Pharmacy Podcast. It’s an honor and a pleasure to bring you our award-winning program week in and week out. But producing and distributing this show as a free podcast takes time and costs money.

Joe

59:27-59:37

If you like what we do and you’d like to help us continue to produce high-quality, independent healthcare journalism, please consider chipping in.

Terry

59:37-59:42

All you have to do is go to peoplespharmacy.com/donate.

Joe

59:42-59:55

Whether it’s just one time or a monthly donation, you can be part of the team that makes this show possible. Thank you for your continued loyalty and support. We couldn’t make our show without you.