Talking Indonesia

How did Indonesia, a place where wheat, the main ingredient of instant noodles, does not grow, become the second-largest consumer in the world and one of the top five exporters?

Instant noodles are a familiar staple for many of us, whether enjoyed occasionally or kept on hand as a pantry essential. First developed after World War II, they have since become a fixture of modern food consumption. According to the World Instant Noodles Association, global consumption exceeded 124 billion servings in 2025.

In this episode of Talking Indonesia, Dr Clara Siagian is joined by Dr Elna Tulus, who recently graduated from the University of Technology Sydney. Elna’s research traces the history of instant noodle production in Indonesia, which mapped onto the geopolitical turbulence and the aftermath of the 1965 violent purge of communism. During this period, food aid to Indonesia dropped almost to zero that year, then rose sharply from 1971, when the world’s largest wheat mill, Bogasari, opened in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta.

They also talk about the success of Indomie worldwide as part of what she calls as gastro-capitalism: a system where we labour for the food system and are also its market for corporate profits. She argues that instant noodles should be seen as an ultra-processed food: designed to be irresistible, super convenient, high in calories and low in nutrition. Their consumption can mask food insecurity where communities are continued to be lamed for eating them while overlooking the power of large corporations over what food is produced and available to buy.

Is cutting consumption enough? Listen in to hear why Elna points instead to local food and food sovereignty.

Abdil Mughis Mudhoffir - disorder and the preman state

Indonesian modern history is littered with stories of shadowy figures, underworld groups, militia, and criminal gangs, commonly known as preman. For its co-option and adoption of the activities and characteristics of these groups, scholars described the New Order period of Suharto’s authoritarian regime as the ‘preman state’. Almost three decades later, the role of these informal violence networks, protection racketeers, and gangsters, remains entwined within the political, social, and economic structures of democratic Indonesia.

Recently, public discussion and investigations have focused on one of these groups – Gerakan Indonesia Rakyat Bersatu or GRIB Jaya, its leader Rosario de Marshall, known as Hercules, and his close relationship with President Prabowo. This group's role in the Jakarta protests, which erupted into deadly violence on 27 August, has again raised questions about the underlying system of disorder that enables such criminality and gives groups like GRIB Jaya access to those at the highest levels of state power.

In this week's episode, Jemma chats with Abdil Mughis Mudhoffir, an Alexander von Humboldt research fellow at the GIGA Institute for Asian Studies and the Hamburg Institute for Advanced Study in Germany. He is also an honorary fellow at the Asia Institute, University of Melbourne. Mughis is author of 'State of Disorder: Privatised Violence and the State in Indonesia' and has written widely on Indonesian law and politics.

In 2026, the Talking Indonesia podcast is co-hosted by Dr Jemma Purdey from the Australia-Indonesia Centre, Dr Jacqui Baker from Murdoch University, Dr Elisabeth Kramer from the University of New South Wales, Tito Ambyo from RMIT and Dr Clara Siagian from University College, London.

Image: United Indonesian People’s Movement (Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia Bersatu Jaya, GRIB Jaya) leader Hercules Rosario Marcal at the office of Cabinet Secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya, in a photo posted by the Cabinet Secretary's Instagram account on 27 March 2026. Photo from instagram.com/teddy_hq

Under the Prabowo Subianto government, the Indonesian military’s (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) long-cherished role in national economic development and governance has been vastly enhanced. The TNI seems to be everywhere. Active-duty officers now run ministries, head a state food company, and even manufacture medicine. Soldiers cook meals for Prabowo's flagship nutrition program. Prabowo has long argued that the military provides an efficient and committed labour force for the Indonesia’s development ambitions. But this too was his father-in-law, President Suharto’s argument, and that line justified a 32-year-long, vastly corrupt authoritarian military regime that ultimately had to be overthrown through people power.

Ironically, these political developments are occurring at a time of historic good relations between the Indonesian military and the Australian Defence Force. Much has changed since former president B.J. Habibie famously tore up the AMS, the Agreement on Maintaining Security, in 1999 after Australia announced it would lead a force into East Timor. In the last two years under the Labor government, we have seen the Australia-Indonesia Defence Cooperation Agreement superseding the 2008 Defence Cooperation Agreement and this year, the Jakarta Treaty, or the Australia-Indonesia Treaty on Common Security, in which both countries agree to communicate on matters of mutual security. Both are landmark security agreements, but they occur at a time when the military’s domestic role is transforming rapidly.

To help us understand how civil-military relations are changing under the Prabowo government and its impact on Australia’s defence relations with Indonesia, meet my guest Dr Natalie Sambhi. Natalie is Founder and Executive Director of the independent think tank Verve Research, which provides analysis on Southeast Asian foreign policy and security issues. She is also a Non-Resident Fellow with the Brookings Institution, where she publishes on Indonesian foreign and defence policy issues as well as Southeast Asian security. Natalie holds a PhD on the history of the Indonesian military from the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University.

Any cancer diagnosis will leave the patient with lots of questions. What is this disease, and why has it happened to me? What are my chances, what are my options, and what will it mean for me and my family? For Indonesian women diagnosed with cervical cancer, the answers have not always been easy to come by. Until recently, no formal patient education materials were being provided at the point of diagnosis — and where good information is scarce, myths fill the gap, the biggest one being that a diagnosis is simply a death sentence.

In this episode, we look at what happened when a team of Australian and Indonesian researchers set out to change that. Dr Mitha Eka and Professor Linda Rae Bennett, with colleagues at the Centre for Reproductive Health at Universitas Gadjah Mada, spent a year co-designing the first patient education materials of their kind in Indonesia. Funded by the Australia-Indonesia Institute, the project brought together survivors, clinicians, four hospitals in Yogyakarta, community organisations, and government at both provincial and national levels.

With our guests, host Dr Elisabeth Kramer discusses what it takes to build something like this inside a health system where clinicians may see a hundred patients a day, why the team developed a new “collaborative equilibrium” approach rather than importing international guidelines, and how questions of culture, hierarchy and collective family decision-making shaped every stage of the work. They also share what came out of it: a diagnostic flipchart for clinicians, take-home fact sheets for patients and families, and a word bank to help clinicians explain complex medical information in everyday spoken Indonesian.

About the guests

Dr Mitha Eka is an educational specialist and early career researcher who works across the University of Melbourne and Federation University. She has more than a decade of experience designing, delivering and evaluating educational programs spanning global health, social innovation and plant biosecurity, in both Australia and Indonesia.

Professor Linda Rae Bennett is a medical anthropologist based at the Nossal Institute for Global Health at the University of Melbourne. She has thirty years of experience in research and health capacity building in Indonesia, and for the past decade has collaborated with the Centre for Reproductive Health at Universitas Gadjah Mada on a range of projects related to HPV and cervical cancer.

Find out more

The project is the Australia-Indonesia Collaboration for Cervical Cancer Patient Education (AI-KPPKS / Australia Indonesia Kolaborasi untuk Pendidikan Pasien Kanker Serviks), funded by the Australia-Indonesia Institute. Full details are available on the Nossal Institute for Global Health project page:

Collaborative curriculum development for cervical cancer patient education in Indonesia

https://mspgh.unimelb.edu.au/research-groups/nossal-institute-for-global-health/Prevention-and-Management-of-Health-Conditions/collaborative-curriculum-development-for-cervical-cancer-patient-education-in-indonesia

Six years ago, in a village in West Sumatra, a tiger died and its human relatives moved to bury it — because the tiger is understood as their own family. The Indonesian wildlife conservation authority BKSDA intervened, fearing poachers might take the carcass; the villagers, in deep grief, buried the tiger anyway. It's not an isolated case: similar stand-offs have played out in southern Aceh and elsewhere, as Sumatra's forests are cut into ever-smaller patches by plantations and logging, pushing tigers and people into closer contact than ever before, and tensions grow between different ontologies and practices on how to manage the relationship.

This is why, as Universitas Indonesia anthropologist Imam Ardhianto puts it, human-tiger relations are best read not as belief systems in isolation, but as sensitive registers of ongoing socio-ecological change. So what happens to a centuries-old relationship between people and tigers when plantations fragment the forest, a virus jumps species from village dogs, and social media reshapes how a new generation understands the animal at all?

In this week's episode, Tito Ambyo chats with Imam Ardhianto, an anthropologist and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at Universitas Indonesia. Imam's research on the cosmopolitics of human-tiger relations draws on fieldwork in Sumatra, tracing how ancestral guardian tigers, were-tigers, and “outsider” tigers are understood — and how those categories are shifting as the forest itself changes.

In 2026, the Talking Indonesia podcast is co-hosted by Dr Jemma Purdey from the Australia-Indonesia Centre, Dr Clara Siagian from the University of College London, Dr Jacqui Baker from Murdoch University, Dr Elisabeth Kramer from the University of New South Wales, and Dr Tito Ambyo from RMIT

Last month a series of attacks on transgender women in Bogor, sent a chill through a community for whom this kind of violence is increasingly normal. The recent attacks have coincided the release of the full text of Presidential Regulation No. 111 of 2025 concerning the 2025-2029 General Policy for National Defense, classifying the spread of LGBTQI+ culture as a ‘non-military’ threat to the state, placing it within the same category as terrorism, separatism and radicalism.

A recent Human Rights Watch report quoted the chairperson of LGBTQI+ advocacy organisation, Arus Pelangi, Nono Sugiono, as saying, “Patterns of hate based on gender identity and sexual orientation are building year on year.” So, what forms does this ‘pattern of hatred’ take, how is the LGBTQI+ community coping and ultimately, why do morality issues have such social currency in Indonesia?

In this week's episode, Jemma chats with Dania Joedo, a musician and human rights activist based in Jakarta, Indonesia. Dania works with a variety of NGOs such as Jakarta Legal Aid, Omah Munir, New Naratif, ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights, YAPPIKA ActionAid, and Indonesia Legal Aid Foundation. With her band, Tashoora, Dania makes music that aims to raise awareness about issues that are underrepresented today.

In 2026, the Talking Indonesia podcast is co-hosted by Dr Jemma Purdey from the Australia-Indonesia Centre, Dr Jacqui Baker from Murdoch University, Dr Elisabeth Kramer from the University of New South Wales, Tito Ambyo from RMIT and Dr Clara Siagian from University College, London.

Image: Indonesian LGBT activists protests in Jakarta 2018/ Bayu Fuller Wikimedia CC

Independent publishing might seem like a small element of Indonesia’s cultural landscape: limited print runs, niche books, and audiences that rarely extend into the mainstream. Yet these spaces can matter precisely because they make room for voices, ideas, and forms of cultural expression that have little place elsewhere.

This matters in Indonesia today, where civic space is increasingly constrained and marginalised communities, including queer people, face growing stigma, scapegoating, and political hostility. In this context, publishing becomes not only about circulating books but a way of sustaining communities, and creating spaces where people can think, disagree, and imagine different forms of social and political relations.

In this episode of Talking Indonesia, Dr Clara Siagian speaks with Syarafina, co-founder and commissioning editor of Cahyati Press, an independent publishing practice based in Bali. Cahyati publishes books, zines, and artist books by writers, poets, artists, and researchers, particularly queer, working-class, and BIPOC voices that are often overlooked by mainstream publishing.

Syarafina reflects on her twelve-year journey through independent publishing and on why Cahyati Press came into being. For her, independent publishing is less about size than editorial freedom to publish work because it matters, even when it defies common literary classification or when it is not commercially viable.

That freedom takes on particular significance when we talk about queer publishing. As LGBTQ+ people in Indonesia face increasing stigma and political scapegoating, Syarafina argues for the importance of documenting queer lives in all their complexity. This means communicating not only stories of violence and survival, but also stories of friendship, family, work, migration, desire, boredom and joy. Publishing, in this sense, can be a quiet form of resistance which encompasses preserving stories, creating memory, and allowing people to recognise that they are not alone.

The conversation also takes us beyond Indonesia. Cahyati Press is part of a growing international network of independent publishers, artists, writers, booksellers and cultural organisers across Southeast Asia, Australia, Europe and beyond. Rather than seeing Indonesia simply as a place where international researchers and artists come to study or work, this network points to Indonesia as a place from which connections are being forged, and cultural conversations are being shaped.

Finally, we discuss what independent publishing might offer academics: an opportunity to experiment with shapes, audiences and methods, and to imagine forms of knowledge production beyond the rigid conventions of academic publishing.

In 2026, Talking Indonesia podcast is co-hosted by Dr Jacqui Baker from Murdoch University, Dr Clara Siagian from University College London, Dr Elisabeth Kramer from the University of New South Wales, Dr Jemma Purdey from the Australia-Indonesia Centre, and Tito Ambyo from RMIT.

The problem of Australian knowing and engaging Indonesia, as our closest neighbour, has vexed successive Australia governments ever since Keating called for Asian literacy in the 1980s. Toward that end, we have seen intermittent policy interventions recognizing the strategic importance of what has come to known as Australia’s “Asian capabilities”.

This includes a National Asian Language and Studies program in the 1990s, a 2012 white paper under the Gillard government and in 2015, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade unveiled the New Colombo Plan which provides grants and high prestige scholarships to Australian undergraduates studying in the region.

And yet Australia’s quest for “Asian Capabilities” has been nonetheless been marked by declining numbers in Asian language learning, closures of Asian studies departments and programs at senior high school and in universities and with repeated warnings from educators, language teachers, high schools and universities about the catastrophic decline in student numbers.

An important element of Australia’s relationship to Asia has been forged through study abroad programs which send hundreds of Australian students to Asia each year. The Australian Consortium for In Country Studies Indonesia Studies, known as ACICIS, is the longest running facilitator of these kinds of programs to Indonesia, having facilitated some 5000 of Australian students to Indonesian universities since it was established nearly 30 years ago. This month also marks the launch of a new book on the generational impact of these programs called Experiencing Indonesia: 30 years of ACICIS published by ANU Press and edited by Kirrilee Hughes, Kate Naidu and David Reeve.

Today I’m speaking to Liam Prince, Director of the ACICIS program based at the University of Western Australia about the future of Australia’s Asia and Indonesia capabilities.

Indonesia is home to some of the largest stretches of tropical rainforest left on Earth — and to a growing community of people willing to put themselves on the line to defend it. But across the archipelago, environmental activists are increasingly finding that the sharpest threat they face isn't out in the field. It's in the courtroom.

In this episode, we're looking at how the law itself is being turned against environmental defenders in Indonesia, especially through what are known as SLAPPs — strategic lawsuits against public participation. What are these suits, and what is the intention behind them?

To unpack this, I'm joined by Austin Jenish. Austin recently finished his studies, and his path into these questions didn’t begin in a lecture or a research program, but with a study abroad program that took him to Indonesia. He came to the country's legal system and its environment out of genuine curiosity, and followed that interest far enough to start writing about it. So, we connected through an article Austin wrote for Earth.org on SLAPP which can be found at https://earth.org/how-malicious-lawsuits-are-silencing-climate-activists-in-indonesia/.

Austin holds degrees in both law and genetics from Monash University and now works at a commercial litigation firm, but his engagement with environmental issues is a longstanding passion. He's served as a conservation status assessor with the International Union for Conservation of Nature, contributed environmental law and policy work to NGOs including the Institute for Criminal Justice Reform in Jakarta, and through Monash's law clinics helped draft a framework for environmental litigation and supported the Cook Islands in the UN's plastic pollution treaty negotiations.

What does it mean to believe in ghosts? It turns out that's exactly the wrong question.

In this special episode of Talking Indonesia, co-hosts Tito Ambyo and Jamie Edmonds sit down together not as interviewer and guest, but as co-editors who have spent months immersed in a collection of essays on ghosts and haunting in Indonesia. The result is something that is a bit different than the usual podcast interview: two scholars thinking aloud about what the ghostly has done to them.

They move between the personal and the theoretical. Jamie's childhood on a road called Whispering Woods, his years navigating psychosis and hallucination, and the way ghost stories kept refusing to let him stay on the outside. And Tito's discovery, buried in a Dutch East Indies newspaper, that his grandfather hosted a radio programme about spirituality, which was a revelation that arrived mid-thesis, mid-life, with the force of a haunting.

The episode also serves as a guide to the Inside Indonesia special edition on ghosts that Tito and Jamie co-edited: essays on pulung gantung in Gunung Kidul, haunted manuscripts that resist digitisation, headless soldiers whose presence keeps colonial violence from being forgotten, female dancers whose spectral power is reshaping Indonesian cinema, and journalists learning to take seriously the tree that refused to be felled. What emerges from all of it is not an argument for or against the existence of ghosts, but something more interesting: a case for sitting with what we cannot explain, and for the kind of knowing that begins with admitting we do not know.

In this episode of Talking Indonesia, Tito Ambyo and Jamie Edmonds explore what ghosts teach us about Indonesia — and about ourselves.

Jamie Edmonds is Director of the Critical Languages Institute, Associate Director of the Melikian Center for Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies, and Clinical Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Arizona State University. His research focuses on Islam, popular culture, and the supernatural in Indonesia.

In 2026, the Talking Indonesia podcast is co-hosted by Dr Jemma Purdey from the Australia-Indonesia Centre, Dr Elisabeth Kramer from the University of New South Wales, Dr Tito Ambyo from RMIT, Dr Jacqui Baker from Murdoch University, and Dr Clara Siagian from University College London.