In 2021, Netflix released His Dark Material, a Christmas stand-up special by Irish–British comedian Jimmy Carr. The show sparked international outrage. Toward the end of the set, Carr delivered what he called a ‘career ender’ – a joke about the Holocaust, in which he described the Nazis’ murder of thousands of ‘Gypsies’ as a ‘positive’.

The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, the Auschwitz Memorial, and the UK government condemned the joke as ‘appalling’, ‘abhorrent’, and ‘racist’; Carr, critics said, was trading on the ‘last acceptable form of racism’.

Comedy touches every part of our lives. We tell jokes at the pub, around the dinner table, and by the office coffee machine. We all know someone who makes us laugh – and someone who seems to take things too far. But is there a line when it comes to humour? And if there is, who gets to draw it? Should we suspend our moral judgements when the lights go down and the curtain goes up? Or do jokes, like most speech acts, carry moral weight?

To answer these questions, we need to understand the nature of comedy itself – what exactly it is we’re responding to when we laugh. Humour might be a release of nervous tension, a playful disruption of expectations, or – more troublingly, if it applies to Carr’s joke – a means of asserting social superiority. No doubt, comedy has the power to shape our culture and perceptions. But, as we’ll find out, it also tells us something about who we are, who we ought to be, and the things we value most.

Links

Abrahams, Daniel – Winning Over the Audience: Trust and Humor in Stand‐Up Comedy (paper)

Anderson, Luvell – Roasting Ethics (paper)

Bergson, Henri – Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (book)

Carroll, Noël – Ethics and Comic Amusement (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Humour: A Very Short Introduction (book)

Carroll, Noël – I’m Only Kidding: On Racist and Ethnic Jokes (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Cruelty and Humour (paper)

Critchley, Simon – On Humour (book)

Deen, Phillip – What Could It Mean to Say That Today’s Stand‐Up Audiences Are Too Sensitive? (paper)

Gimbel, Steven (ed.) – The Philosophy of Comedy (book)

Hick, Darren Hudson – Why Can’t You Take a Joke? The Several Moral Dimensions of Pilfering a Ha‐Ha (paper)

Morreall, John – Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Philosophy of Laughter and Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philosophy of Humor (article)

Smuts, Aaron – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Comedy (article)

In 2021, Netflix released His Dark Material, a Christmas stand-up special by Irish–British comedian Jimmy Carr. The show sparked international outrage. Toward the end of the set, Carr delivered what he called a ‘career ender’ – a joke about the Holocaust, in which he described the Nazis’ murder of thousands of ‘Gypsies’ as a ‘positive’.

The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, the Auschwitz Memorial, and the UK government condemned the joke as ‘appalling’, ‘abhorrent’, and ‘racist’; Carr, critics said, was trading on the ‘last acceptable form of racism’.

Comedy touches every part of our lives. We tell jokes at the pub, around the dinner table, and by the office coffee machine. We all know someone who makes us laugh – and someone who seems to take things too far. But is there a line when it comes to humour? And if there is, who gets to draw it? Should we suspend our moral judgements when the lights go down and the curtain goes up? Or do jokes, like most speech acts, carry moral weight?

To answer these questions, we need to understand the nature of comedy itself – what exactly it is we’re responding to when we laugh. Humour might be a release of nervous tension, a playful disruption of expectations, or – more troublingly, if it applies to Carr’s joke – a means of asserting social superiority. No doubt, comedy has the power to shape our culture and perceptions. But, as we’ll find out, it also tells us something about who we are, who we ought to be, and the things we value most.

Links

Abrahams, Daniel – Winning Over the Audience: Trust and Humor in Stand‐Up Comedy (paper)

Anderson, Luvell – Roasting Ethics (paper)

Bergson, Henri – Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (book)

Carroll, Noël – Ethics and Comic Amusement (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Humour: A Very Short Introduction (book)

Carroll, Noël – I’m Only Kidding: On Racist and Ethnic Jokes (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Cruelty and Humour (paper)

Critchley, Simon – On Humour (book)

Deen, Phillip – What Could It Mean to Say That Today’s Stand‐Up Audiences Are Too Sensitive? (paper)

Gimbel, Steven (ed.) – The Philosophy of Comedy (book)

Hick, Darren Hudson – Why Can’t You Take a Joke? The Several Moral Dimensions of Pilfering a Ha‐Ha (paper)

Morreall, John – Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Philosophy of Laughter and Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philosophy of Humor (article)

Smuts, Aaron – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Comedy (article)

In 2021, Netflix released His Dark Material, a Christmas stand-up special by Irish–British comedian Jimmy Carr. The show sparked international outrage. Toward the end of the set, Carr delivered what he called a ‘career ender’ – a joke about the Holocaust, in which he described the Nazis’ murder of thousands of ‘Gypsies’ as a ‘positive’.

The Holocaust Memorial Day Trust, the Auschwitz Memorial, and the UK government condemned the joke as ‘appalling’, ‘abhorrent’, and ‘racist’; Carr, critics said, was trading on the ‘last acceptable form of racism’.

Comedy touches every part of our lives. We tell jokes at the pub, around the dinner table, and by the office coffee machine. We all know someone who makes us laugh – and someone who seems to take things too far. But is there a line when it comes to humour? And if there is, who gets to draw it? Should we suspend our moral judgements when the lights go down and the curtain goes up? Or do jokes, like most speech acts, carry moral weight?

To answer these questions, we need to understand the nature of comedy itself – what exactly it is we’re responding to when we laugh. Humour might be a release of nervous tension, a playful disruption of expectations, or – more troublingly, if it applies to Carr’s joke – a means of asserting social superiority. No doubt, comedy has the power to shape our culture and perceptions. But, as we’ll find out, it also tells us something about who we are, who we ought to be, and the things we value most.

Links

Abrahams, Daniel – Winning Over the Audience: Trust and Humor in Stand‐Up Comedy (paper)

Anderson, Luvell – Roasting Ethics (paper)

Bergson, Henri – Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic (book)

Carroll, Noël – Ethics and Comic Amusement (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Humour: A Very Short Introduction (book)

Carroll, Noël – I’m Only Kidding: On Racist and Ethnic Jokes (paper)

Carroll, Noël – Cruelty and Humour (paper)

Critchley, Simon – On Humour (book)

Deen, Phillip – What Could It Mean to Say That Today’s Stand‐Up Audiences Are Too Sensitive? (paper)

Gimbel, Steven (ed.) – The Philosophy of Comedy (book)

Hick, Darren Hudson – Why Can’t You Take a Joke? The Several Moral Dimensions of Pilfering a Ha‐Ha (paper)

Morreall, John – Comic Relief: A Comprehensive Philosophy of Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Philosophy of Laughter and Humor (book)

Morreall, John – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Philosophy of Humor (article)

Smuts, Aaron – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Comedy (article)

'“Hello – it’s Olly here!

For Episode 145, we have another very special show for you: the recording from our live event – The Mystery of Morality – held on 12 June 2025 at London’s Royal Institution Theatre.

The event was a conversation between four of our previous guests: Richard Swinburne, Jessica Frazier, Alex O’Connor and Peter Singer. The question at the heart of the discussion: where does morality come from, and who (or what) counts morally?

It’s a brilliant discussion filled with humorous moments, but also some very serious moments and topics, such as same-sex relationships and animal rights. I think it’s one of our best shows yet. Thank you to everyone who came along to make it such a special evening. The first part of this podcast is their free-flowing conversation; the second is a Q&A with the audience. Without further ado, I’ll pass you over to Jack, live from The Royal Institution Theatre – we hope you enjoy the show.”

Links

Richard Swinburne, Website

Jessica Frazier, Website

Alex O’Connor, Website

Peter Singer, Website

'“Hello – it’s Olly here!

For Episode 145, we have another very special show for you: the recording from our live event – The Mystery of Morality – held on 12 June 2025 at London’s Royal Institution Theatre.

The event was a conversation between four of our previous guests: Richard Swinburne, Jessica Frazier, Alex O’Connor and Peter Singer. The question at the heart of the discussion: where does morality come from, and who (or what) counts morally?

It’s a brilliant discussion filled with humorous moments, but also some very serious moments and topics, such as same-sex relationships and animal rights. I think it’s one of our best shows yet. Thank you to everyone who came along to make it such a special evening. The first part of this podcast is their free-flowing conversation; the second is a Q&A with the audience. Without further ado, I’ll pass you over to Jack, live from The Royal Institution Theatre – we hope you enjoy the show.”

Links

Richard Swinburne, Website

Jessica Frazier, Website

Alex O’Connor, Website

Peter Singer, Website

This is a live recording from our recent show – The Future of Humanity – held on 3 June 2025 at London’s Royal Institution Theatre.

The event was a conversation between psychologist Steven Pinker and biologist Richard Dawkins – both previous guests on The Panpsycast – exploring the evolution of human beings and the challenges we face in the future. Richard leads the discussion, questioning Steve about his extensive catalogue of books and his contributions to psychology, sociology, and evolutionary theory. They focus a lot on the past but, eventually, get on to the future. It’s a brilliant exchange, covering a wide range of topics and packed with some of Pinker’s most important insights.

The first part of this podcast special is their free-flowing conversation; the second is a Q&A with the audience, hosted by Jack. Thank you to everyone who came along and made the show possible. Without further ado, here’s the audio from our live show – we hope you enjoy the conversation.

Links

Steven Pinker, Website

Richard Dawkins, Website

Welcome to Episode 144 (Part I of II), where Richard Dawkins interviews Steven Pinker on the past and future of humanity.

This is a live recording from our recent show – The Future of Humanity – held on 3 June 2025 at London’s Royal Institution Theatre.

The event was a conversation between psychologist Steven Pinker and biologist Richard Dawkins – both previous guests on The Panpsycast – exploring the evolution of human beings and the challenges we face in the future. Richard leads the discussion, questioning Steve about his extensive catalogue of books and his contributions to psychology, sociology, and evolutionary theory. They focus a lot on the past but, eventually, get on to the future. It’s a brilliant exchange, covering a wide range of topics and packed with some of Pinker’s most important insights.

The first part of this podcast special is their free-flowing conversation; the second is a Q&A with the audience, hosted by Jack. Thank you to everyone who came along and made the show possible. Without further ado, here’s the audio from our live show – we hope you enjoy the conversation.

Links

Steven Pinker, Website

Richard Dawkins, Website

We’re living through a mental health crisis. In Europe, use of antidepressant has more than doubled in the past twenty years, and one in five children are now living with a recognised mental health condition. These numbers are striking, and the suffering they reflect personal, and clouded in mystery. But have we always been like this? Or has something shifted – in our politics, our culture, or perhaps in our understanding of what it means to be a person? Is the rise in mental health disorders a product of modern life, or are we simply more willing to talk about them? And what happens when system, designed to help us, ends up making us feel more broken, more stuck, and more alone?

In this episode, we’ll discussing these questions with Rose Cartwright – best-known as the author of Pure, a raw and radical memoir about living with OCD, which went on to become a popular Channel 4 television drama. Today, Rose is a screenwriter on the Netflix show 3 Body Problem, and her latest book, The Maps We Carry, takes a deep dive into the territory of trauma, healing, and the limits of the medical model.

As shall see, Rose’s work explores how our distress is shaped by the stories we tell – and the stories we’re told – about our minds. She asks whether we need new narratives, new frameworks, and even new states of consciousness to understand and transform our inner lives. Drawing on her own experiences – talking therapies, medications, psychedelic journeys, and the spaces in between – Rose invites us to imagine a more expansive approach to mental health. What does that expansive model look like? And is it really necessary? Well – lie back on the couch, take a deep breath… and let’s find out.

Links

Rose Cartwright, Website.

Rose Cartwright, The Maps We Carry.

Rose Cartwright, Pure.

Pure – TV Show.

3 Body Problem – TV Show.

We’re living through a mental health crisis. In Europe, use of antidepressant has more than doubled in the past twenty years, and one in five children are now living with a recognised mental health condition. These numbers are striking, and the suffering they reflect personal, and clouded in mystery. But have we always been like this? Or has something shifted – in our politics, our culture, or perhaps in our understanding of what it means to be a person? Is the rise in mental health disorders a product of modern life, or are we simply more willing to talk about them? And what happens when system, designed to help us, ends up making us feel more broken, more stuck, and more alone?

In this episode, we’ll discussing these questions with Rose Cartwright – best-known as the author of Pure, a raw and radical memoir about living with OCD, which went on to become a popular Channel 4 television drama. Today, Rose is a screenwriter on the Netflix show 3 Body Problem, and her latest book, The Maps We Carry, takes a deep dive into the territory of trauma, healing, and the limits of the medical model.

As shall see, Rose’s work explores how our distress is shaped by the stories we tell – and the stories we’re told – about our minds. She asks whether we need new narratives, new frameworks, and even new states of consciousness to understand and transform our inner lives. Drawing on her own experiences – talking therapies, medications, psychedelic journeys, and the spaces in between – Rose invites us to imagine a more expansive approach to mental health. What does that expansive model look like? And is it really necessary? Well – lie back on the couch, take a deep breath… and let’s find out.

Links

Rose Cartwright, Website.

Rose Cartwright, The Maps We Carry.

Rose Cartwright, Pure.

Pure – TV Show.

3 Body Problem – TV Show.

Food is one of the most universal and essential parts of human life. From gourmet steaks to the everyday, humble, packet of crisps, food consumption is everywhere. But what do we actually know about how our food is grown? How is it processed? And how does it ends up on our supermarket shelves or in our restaurants and takeaways? While we may look back and think traditional food customs are more often in harmony with the natural environment, most of us today rely on a complex global food web of production, distribution, consumption and disposal. But how does it work, and what can philosophy say about food?

Joining our discussion on food philosophy today is philosopher Julian Baggini. Baggini is an expert in popular philosophy with Sunday Times best-selling books such as How the World Thinks, How to Think Like a Philosopher and The Pig That Wants to be Eaten. He has served as the academic director of the Royal Institute of philosophy and is a member of the Food Ethics Council. He has written for The Guardian, the Times Literary Supplement, the Financial Times, and Prospect Magazine, as well as a plethora of academic journals and think tanks.

In his wide-ranging and definitive new book, How the World Eats, Baggini argues that the need for a better understanding of how we feed ourselves has never been more urgent. Baggini delves into the best and worst food practises around the world in a huge array of different societies, past and present-exploring cutting edge technologies, the ethics and health of ultra processed food and the effectiveness of our food governance. His goal: to extract a food philosophy of essential principles, on which to build a food system fit for the 21st century and beyond. What is that food philosophy? Let's tuck in, and find out.

Links

Julian Baggini, Website

Julian Baggini, How the World Eats: A Global Food Philosophy