The history of witchcraft is complex, and often raises more questions than it answers. Where did witches come from? And did they always arrive on broomsticks?

Among the most common uses for magic was for healing. Lacking any kind of organized medical care system, they pieced together charms and poultices to take care of the common health problems. But they also used charms to protect, both themselves and their belongings. Chief amongst their property was cattle. The Anglo-Saxon word for "cattle" (feoh) is the same as the word for "wealth" which shows how important cattle were. Charms also came in handy to enhance good luck and increase one's bounty.

By far, the largest group of charms are those which deal with healing. There were several steps involved in conjuring a successful charm. First it was necessary to figure out who the culprit was behind the illness or injury. One of the best ways to determine the creature causing the harm was to catalogue the symptoms that the patient suffered. Once the cause was identified, one would have to go out and gather the necessary materials, which could take anywhere from hours to days (and even months!). Once everything was prepared, the conjuror had to carefully recite the charm—pronunciation counts.

Archaeological sites such as Sutton Hoo have given us an insight to the historical information of the Anglo-Saxon period. Sutton Hoo is the site of two 6th and 7th century cemeteries near Woodbridge, Suffolk. It first began to be excavated in 1939, and was found to contain many Anglo-Saxon wonders, including an undisturbed ship burial. This site, among others, has given us an interesting insight into the life of Anglo-Saxon people, their customs, and of course their jewellery.

Anglo Saxon jewellery had motifs and themes so strong and unique that jewellery is still crafted in the same styles today. As we already know, the custom of wearing jewellery originates far back in history. The ancient Egyptians and Romans, both adorned themselves in rich bejewelled ornamentation, and the Anglo Saxons were no different. Comprising of many Germanic tribes, the Anglo Saxons inhabited Britain from the 5th century. Their customs, designs, and jewellery took inspiration both from their Roman predecessors and from Germanic art.

Monsters abound in Anglo-Saxon literature. One type of monster that shows up again and again is the cannibal. Heroes such as Beowulf and Andreas face humanoid monsters that threaten to literally consume their victims. This Monster is based on Grendel.

English in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness

One of the most interesting episodes in Byzantine military history and in medieval English history is the Anglo-Saxon participation and service in the Varangian Guards regiment from the late 11th to the early 13th century. Byzantine army became increasingly dependent upon mercenary forces.

into service of the Byzantine Emperor were Anglo-Saxons, who eventually made up the main component of the traditional foreign mercenary force that guarded the person of the Emperor.

In the days of King Alfred the Great, when the moon was full and its pale light bathed the land in an eerie glow, a terror stalked the kingdom of Wessex. The people whispered tales of bloodthirsty creatures, half-human and half-beast, that roamed the countryside under the curse of the werewolf. As the legend grew, fear gripped the hearts of villagers, and they dreaded the coming of the full moon.

n the annals of history, the swords of the Anglo-Saxons stand as both artifacts of exquisite craftsmanship and vessels of profound symbolism. These blades, hailing from a time when metallurgy was an art form and weaponry held cultural significance, offer a gateway into the values, warfare techniques, and societal norms of the early Germanic tribes that inhabited England from the 5th to the 11th century. This exploration delves deep into the world of Anglo-Saxon swords, unearthing their typologies, construction techniques, and the roles they played in shaping the destiny of a people.

Medieval Mallorca1346Jaume Ferrer, Mallorcan navigator set sail on 10th August to sail along the coast of Africa to Senegal and, perhaps, even to Niger. His journey is depicted in the Catalan Atlas.
1348 Palma was devastated by one of the most virulent of all strains of the Black Death that erupted during the Middle Ages and there were more than 5,000 deaths in the town.1375The Catalan Atlas, one of the masterpieces of the Mallorcan School of Cartography1391The widening gap between the rich and the poor and the introduction of higher taxes brought dissatisfaction and the Jews who controlled a large share of the financial dealings in the town were blamed. On 2nd August, the Call - a road between Santa Eulària, the Temple and the Santa Clara Convent was attacked and set on fire. More than 300 Jews died.1403The Riera, the torrent that ran through the centre of Palma, along the site of the present day La Rambla and the Born was a constant threat to the city and periodic floods caused serious damage. In this, the worst flood on record, more than 5,000 people died and 1500 houses were destroyed after two days of torrential rain.1429 Clement VIII the last antipope, appointed Bishop of Mallorca. Persecution of the Jews.1450A revolt spread throughout the Island, the poor beyond the city blaming the rich townsfolk for their woes. There was an armed revolt and the city was surrounded; food and water supplies were cut. It was on the point of surrendering when Alfons V of Aragon despatched troops to deal with the rebellion. Reprisals were harsh and reverberated throughout the Island.1493There was a further outbreak of plague, which was known as Borg's plague or Pesta d'en Boga, as it was attributed to a sailor named Boga.

The Anglo-Saxons believed in supernatural creatures such as Elves and Dwarves and giants ("Etins") who often brought harm to men. It is likely that they believed in Wyrd (German "werden"), usually translated as "fate," although the modern term fate does little justice to the true meaning of Wyrd.

Being a Germanic people, the Anglo-Saxons worshiped the same gods as the Norse and other Germanic peoples. The names are slightly different due to the differences in language among the Germanic peoples. For example, Thunor of the Anglo-Saxons was the same god as Thor of the Norse and Donar of the Germans. Likewise,Woden of the Anglo-Saxons is the same as Odin among the Norse and Wotan of the Germans.

Eadric Streona, (“The Acquisitor”) Eadric also spelled Edric, (died 1017), ealdorman of the Mercians, who, though a man of ignoble birth, was advanced to the revived office of ealdorman by the English king Ethelred II whose daughter Eadgyth Eadric married.

Little is known of Eadric’s origins. His appointment to the office of ealdorman in 1007 was probably an attempt by Ethelred to unite south-central England under one command. He is generally considered an arch traitor in the struggle between the English and the Danes for Soverignty over England. Although there are several records of his minor betrayals and instances of bad Counsel, Eadric committed his most Conspicuous act of treachery in 1015, when he sided with Canute against Edmund Ironside as Ethelred, Edmund’s father, lay dying. When at length peace was made, Canute restored to Eadric the earldom of Mercia; but at Christmas 1017, fearing further treachery, Canute had him slain.

Hel and her kingdom

In Germanic mythology, Hel is a figure associated with the realm of the dead, also known as Helheim. Hel is the daughter of the trickster god Loki and the giantess Angrboda. She is described as having a half-living, half-dead appearance, with one side of her body appearing normal and the other side being decaying or skeletal.

Helheim, or "Hel's realm," is one of the nine realms in Germanic mythology and is often depicted as an underworld or afterlife realm. It is a cold and desolate place where those who die of old age or illness are said to go. It is ruled over by Hel, who governs the realm and determines the fate of the deceased.

According to Germanic mythology, those who died honorably in battle were taken to Valhalla, a majestic hall in Asgard ruled by Woden. Meanwhile, those who died dishonorably or in a less glorious manner were sent to Helheim. It is important to note that Helheim is distinct from the Christian concept of Hell, as it is not a place of punishment for sinners but rather a neutral realm for the deceased.