In this episode, we review the very common issue of diuretic resistance and cardiorenal syndromes. What are the key actions of diuretics along different segments of the nephron? How do factors like hypoalbuminemia, renal perfusion pressure, and competing anions reduce loop diuretic efficacy? What role does chronic RAAS activation play in creating sodium avidity in the distal tubules and collecting ducts? How can sequential nephron blockade help overcome diuretic resistance? What are the five types of cardiorenal syndrome? Why is it that BUN:Cr ratio is >20:1 in pre-renal acute kidney injury? What are situations in which fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) can be <1% even if there is no volume depletion? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

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