In this episode, we review cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and its role in heart failure management and transplant evaluation. What term describes the value at which oxygen uptake plateaus despite a continued increase in the intensity of exercise? What term describes the threshold during exercise at which lactic acid begins to accumulate in the blood and carbon dioxide production starts to rise disproportionately compared to oxygen consumption? How is the respiratory exchange ratio defined, and what does it indicate? What is the significance of a VO2 max under 14 mL/kg/min? How can the ventilatory equivalent slope (VE/VCO2) contribute to assessing heart failure prognosis, even when VO2 max is not conclusive? By how much does the cardiac output increase during exercise? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Advanced

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