Bird flu, or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), has far-reaching effects on public health, the food supply, and even the global economy. While human-to-human transmission hasn’t occurred, its potential to mutate poses significant concerns. Understanding how bird flu impacts us today — and how science is working to mitigate its risks — is essential.

In this blog post, we’ll explore the realities of bird flu, its effects on food prices, the role of vaccines, and practical tips to stay safe. Let’s break it down into manageable pieces so you’re fully informed.

Bird flu primarily affects birds, especially poultry, like chickens and turkeys. However, certain strains, such as H5N1, have occasionally infected humans. While these cases are rare, they carry a high mortality rate of over 50%, making the virus particularly dangerous if contracted.

Here’s the good news: Bird flu isn’t currently spreading from person to person. The bad news? Experts worry about a process called reassortment, where bird flu and human flu viruses could mix in someone infected with both. This could result in a highly contagious and deadly strain capable of causing a pandemic.

Despite some conspiracy theories, no laboratory is working on gain-of-function research to make bird flu more transmissible. These myths are counterproductive, distracting from real medical efforts to monitor and control the virus.

If you’ve noticed higher prices at the grocery store, bird flu is partly to blame. The virus has disrupted the poultry industry and the broader food supply chain.

When bird flu outbreaks occur, millions of chickens are culled to prevent the virus from spreading. This reduction in supply causes egg prices to skyrocket, leaving many of us paying more for our morning omelets.

Bird flu also affects dairy products. The demand for poultry feed drives up costs for dairy farmers, who often rely on the same feed. Additionally, in rare cases, parts of the bird flu virus have been detected in raw milk. This is yet another reason to avoid raw, unpasteurized milk and stick to pasteurized dairy products for safety.

Vaccines are at the heart of our response to bird flu, but they serve different purposes for birds and humans.

Scientists are developing vaccines for poultry to control the virus in bird populations. These vaccines could:

• Reduce the need for mass culling.
• Lower the economic impact on the poultry industry.
• Decrease the risk of the virus spilling over into humans or other animals.

While these efforts are promising, it will take time before poultry vaccines are widely implemented.

For humans, H5N1 vaccines are available for at-risk workers like poultry farmers and wildlife handlers. However:

• These vaccines are strain-specific and may not protect against a mutated strain.
• They are not available to the general public.
• In the event of a pandemic, new vaccines would need to be developed, which takes time.

You might wonder, “If the flu shot doesn’t protect against bird flu, why get it?” The answer lies in preventing co-infections.

When someone is sick with both seasonal flu and bird flu, there’s a risk the two viruses could mix, creating a new, more dangerous strain. By getting your flu shot, you reduce your chances of catching seasonal flu, which helps minimize this risk. Remember, vaccines are not about completely preventing illness; they’re about reducing severe outcomes like hospitalization and death.

Whether you’re a hunter, backyard birder, or just someone who loves eggs, here’s how to reduce your risk:

• Avoid handling sick or dead birds. Report them to local authorities.
• Use gloves and masks when field dressing game, and disinfect tools afterward.
• Cook wild birds to an internal temperature of 165°F (73.8°C) to kill viruses.

• Clean bird feeders and baths regularly with soap and disinfectant.
• Avoid contact with bird droppings; wear gloves during cleaning.
• Keep pets, especially cats, away from areas frequented by wild birds.

Cats are surprisingly vulnerable to bird flu. They can contract the virus by hunting infected birds or contacting bird droppings. To protect your pets:

• Keep cats indoors during outbreaks.
• Monitor them for symptoms like lethargy or respiratory distress.
• Consult a vet if your cat shows any signs of illness.

• Always cook poultry and eggs thoroughly to an internal temperature of 165°F (73.8°C).
• Avoid raw, unpasteurized milk and stick to pasteurized dairy products.
• Wash your hands thoroughly after handling birds or poultry products.

In science, recommendations change as we learn more. This isn’t a sign of uncertainty but a testament to how science adapts to new evidence. The same applies to vaccines — their primary purpose is to prevent severe illness and death, not to guarantee you won’t get sick. Trust in the scientific process is vital as we navigate complex challenges like bird flu.

Bird flu isn’t just a health issue; it’s a food and economic issue, too. The virus has already disrupted poultry and dairy markets, and its potential to mutate keeps public health experts on high alert. Fortunately, science is actively working on solutions, from vaccines to monitoring programs.

For regular updates on bird flu, follow me on TikTok and Instagram at @drterrysimpson, where I share timely insights and tips. And don’t forget to subscribe to my podcast, Fork U, for in-depth discussions about science, health, and smart eating.

Bird flu poses significant challenges, but by staying informed and following practical steps, we can protect ourselves and our communities. Whether it’s understanding vaccine roles, debunking myths, or adapting to rising food prices, knowledge is the first line of defense.

Thank you for reading! Stay safe, stay informed, and remember that prevention is the best recipe for a healthy life.