Fungal infections and disease have long been overlooked in terms of healthcare burden, with poor diagnostics and limited options for treatment and management. In 2022, the WHO published its first Fungal Priority Pathogens List as an effort to establish a global prioritised framework that addresses unmet research and development needs in fungal disease and antifungal resistance, as well as guides public health action [1]. In this episode of Communicable, Angela Huttner and Josh Nosanchuk invite Hatim Sati (WHO), the project lead in creating this list, and Dimitrios Kontoyiannis (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas), a clinician researcher studying fungal diagnostics and antifungal discovery, for a candid discussion on the making of and relevance of such a list. Apart from reviewing the fungal pathogens, the conversation also covers limitations of the list, what to expect for the next iteration, contextualising the list in one’s local region, and the impact the list has had already on research funding and public awareness.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Andrisa Xhaxha from Elbasan, Albania. 

References

1. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research, development and public health action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. 

Related podcast episodes

• Communicable Episode 31: Climate change and fungal spread https://share.transistor.fm/s/db58f558 
• Communicable Episode 08: The nightmare series, part 1 – how to deal with Candida auris https://share.transistor.fm/s/c0616c4d 

Further reading 

• Seidel D, et al. Impact of climate change and natural disasters on fungal infections. Lancet Microbe 2024. DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00039-9
• Fisher MC and Denning DW. The WHO fungal priority pathogens list as a gamechanger. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00861-x
• Shor E, et al. Tolerance and heteroresistance to echinocandins in Candida auris: conceptual issues, clinical implications, and outstanding questions. mSphere 2025. DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00161-25
• Panackal AA, et al. Geoclimatic influences on invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2010. DOI: 10.1086/652761
• Lázár-Molnár E, et al. The PD-1/PD-L costimulatory pathway critically affects host resistance to the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. PNAS 2008. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711918105
• Mashal M, “A potentially fatal fungal infections cropping up among India’s Covid patients.” New York Times 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/world/india-covid-mucormycosis.html 
• Thevissen K, et al. International survey on influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) in intensive care units: responses suggest low awareness and potential underdiagnosis outside Europe. Crit Care 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2808-8
• Pappas PG, et al. Clinical mycology today: A synopsis of the mycoses study group education and research consortium (MSGERC) second biennial meeting, September 27–30, 2018, Big Sky, Montana, a proposed global research agenda. Medical Mycology 2020. DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa034
• Hostettler K, et al. Communicable Episode 31: Climate change and fungal spread. CMI Communications 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105126

Ethics in the field of infectious disease can be a delicate interplay between treating the individual patient and protecting the collective health of a society. Sometimes these two mandates go hand in hand; at other times they can appear to be in conflict. In this episode of Communicable, Dr. Angela Huttner invites Drs. Zeb Jamrozik (Melbourne, Australia) and Beenish Syed (Karachi, Pakistan), two members of ESCMID’s Ethics Advisory Committee, to unpack different scenarios encountered in the field of infectious disease from an ethics standpoint: how one ethically allocates scarce resources like antimicrobials; whether there is ethical justification for coercive public-health measures like lockdowns; and whether the need to collect evidence to advance patient care could include other models besides opt-in informed consent. 

This episode was edited by Dr. Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Dr. Goulia Ohan of Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.

Further reading:

• Barosa M, et al. The Ethical Obligation for Research During Public Health Emergencies: Insights From the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med Health Care Philos 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s11019-023-10184-6
• Symons X, et al. Why should HCWs receive priority access to vaccines in a pandemic? BMC Med Ethics 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00650-2
• Thorsteinsdottir B and Madsen BE. Prioritizing health care workers and first responders for access to the COVID19 vaccine is not unethical, but both fair and effective – an ethical analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s13049-021-00886-2
• Huttner A, Leibovici L, Theuretzbacher U, Huttner B, Paul M. Closing the evidence gap in infectious disease: point-of-care randomization and informed consent. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23(2):73-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.029

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are valuable given their broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their high penetration into various tissues. Yet FQs have also caused concern, with some market withdrawals, important and sometimes long-lasting adverse drug events, and substantial collateral effects on the microbiota. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Emily McDonald and Thomas Tängdén invite Staffan Tevell (Karlstad, Sweden) and Bernadette Young (Oxford, UK) to weigh in on the pro-con debate of FQ use, especially for periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), which can entail longer treatment durations. They review the standard of care for PJIs, including FQs in combination with rifampicin vs other antibiotic combinations, the impact of the OVIVA trial advocating for early oral switch strategies, the long list of rare but important side effects, and how best to preserve FQs for clinical indications that most need them.     

This episode is a follow-up from Tevell and Young’s recently published systematic review of the role of FQs in PJIs [1]. It was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Ljiljana Lukić of University Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Zagreb, Croatia. The executive producer of Communicable is Angela Huttner. 

References

1. Tevell S, et al. To heal or harm: A systematic review of the role of fluoroquinolones in periprosthetic joint infections. CMI Communications 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105103

Further reading

• Mandell LA, et al. Antimicrobial Safety and Tolerability: Differences and Dilemmas. Clin Infect Dis 2001. JSTOR http://www.jstor.org/stable/4461522.
• Pham TDM, et al. Quinolone antibiotics. Medchemcomm 2019. DOI: 10.1039/c9md00120d. 
• Rodrigues CF and Silva F. The Rise, Fall, and Rethink of (Fluoro)quinolones: A Quick Rundown. Pathogens 2025. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14060525
• Slimings C and Riley TV. Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt477
• Davis JS, et al. Predictors of treatment success after periprosthetic joint infection: 24-month follow up from a multicenter prospective observational cohort study of 653 patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac048.
• Grossi O, et al. Gram- negative prosthetic joint infections managed according to a multidisciplinary standardized approach: risk factors for failure and outcome with and without fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw202 
• Cortes-Penfield NW, et al. Adjunctive rifampin following debridement and implant retention for staphylococcal prosthetic joint infection: is it effective if not combined with a fluoroquinolone? Open Forum Infect Dis 2022. DOI:  10.1093/ofid/ofac582
• Pushkin R, et al. A Randomized Study Evaluating Oral Fusidic Acid (CEM-102) in Combination With Oral Rifampin Compared With Standard-of-Care Antibiotics for Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Newly Identified Drug-Drug Interaction. Clin Infect Dis 2016. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw665
• Bock M, et al. Rifampicin reduces plasma concentration of linezolid in patients with infective endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad316   
• Zeller V, et al. Influence of the clindamycin administration route on the magnitude of clindamycin-rifampicin interaction: a prospective pharmacokinetic study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.017 
• Bernard L, et al. Antibiotic Therapy for 6 or 12 Weeks for Prosthetic Joint Infection. N Engl J Med 2021. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020198
• Vollmer NJ, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Fluoroquinolones in Patients with Staphylococcal Periprosthetic Joint Infections, Clin Infect Dis 2021. DOI 10.1093/cid/ciab145
• Gopalakrishnan C, et al. Association of fluoroquinolones with the risk of aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection. JAMA Intern Med 2020. DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4199
• Li HK, et al. Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotics for Bone and Joint Infection (OVIVA). N Engl J Med. 2019. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1710926

The adaptability of fungi to warmer temperatures is an obvious consequence of climate change. Perhaps less obvious is the role climate change has played on fungal pathogens emerging as a global health concern. While humans are mostly protected from fungal infections by our immune system and body temperature, a warming global climate could subvert the status quo. Some fungi are already adapted to warmer temperatures and causing invasive acute infections in humans: Candidozyma auris, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, to name a few.  In this episode of Communicable, Angela Huttner and Josh Nosanchuk invite Arturo Casadevall, a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins and this year’s recipient of ESCMID’s Excellence in Science Award, to discuss the world of fungi and their pathogenic potential in a warming world. Other topics include how to prepare for their emergence as a health threat, how fungi can be harnessed for applications that can benefit us, and ultimately answering the question Casadevall himself posed in the title of his recently published book, What if fungi win?

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Robin Aerts of University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium. 

References

1.        Casadevall, A with Desmon S. What if fungi win? Johns Hopkins University Press, 2024.

2.        Smith DFG, et al. Environmental fungi from cool and warm neighborhoods in the urban heat island of Baltimore City show differences in thermal susceptibility and pigmentation. BioRxiv 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566554  

3.        Casadevall A and Pirofski L. Benefits and Costs of Animal Virulence for Microbes. mBio 2019. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00863-19

4.        Cordero RJB et al. Radiation protection and structural stability of fungal melanin polylactic acid biocomposites in low Earth orbit. PNAS 2025. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2427118122

5.        Dadachova E, et al. The radioprotective properties of fungal melanin are a function of its chemical composition, stable radical presence and spatial arrangement. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2007.00430.x

6.        Cordero RJB et al. The hypothermic nature of fungi. PNAS 2022. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221996120

Meningitis remains a major global health threat, with an estimated 2.5 million cases each year; of these, one in six results in death and one in five in long-term disabilities. Although meningitis “can strike anyone, anywhere in the world,” outbreaks disproportionately impact low- and middle-income countries, where diagnostic and treatment resources are limited. In efforts to address this, WHO launched its first-ever guideline on meningitis diagnosis and management in April this year. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Emily McDonald and Marc Bonten are joined by two experts directly involved in creating the guideline, Lorenzo Pezzoli and Nicolò Binello (WHO), as well as Jacob Bodilsen (Aalborg University), clinician-researcher and Chair of ESCMID’s Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain (ESGIB). The guests offer a firsthand look behind the guideline’s development, review key recommendations for diagnosis and treatment - including the use of lumbar puncture, antibiotics, and chemoprophylaxis – and discuss how these fit into various clinical settings. 

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Ljiljana Lukić of University Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Zagreb, Croatia. The executive producer of Communicable is Angela Huttner. 

Terms

• CRP, C-reactive protein
• GDG, Guideline Development Group

Literature 

1. WHO guidelines on meningitis diagnosis, treatment and care. April 2025. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240108042
2. Defeating meningitis by 2030: a global road map. June 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026407
3. Olie SE, et al. Validation and clinical implementation of cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Reg June 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101309
4. Coldiron ME, et al. Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis as a response to a meningococcal meningitis epidemic in the African meningitis belt: A 3-arm, open-label, cluster-randomized trial. PloS Med 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002593
5. Hasbun R, et al. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010399
6. Glimåker M. Lumbar puncture in adult bacterial meningitis: time to reconsider guidelines? BMJ 2013, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f361

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was long considered not to be a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and treatment was only for women to bear. That was the convention at least until Catriona Bradshaw and her team at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre published their groundbreaking clinical trial results earlier this year, demonstrating that treating male partners of women with BV prevented recurrence in those women. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Annie Joseph welcome back Bradshaw to discuss her trial’s design, results, and clinical implications—with some guidelines already updated to include male partners in BV treatment regimens. The conversation also explores the complexities of BV diagnosis, the challenges of trial execution in general, and future research directions.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Arjana Zerja (Mother Theresa University Hospital Centre, Tirana, Albania)

References

1. Vodstricil LA, et al. Male-partner treatment to prevent recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2405404
2. Bacterial vaginosis in focus. Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC). https://www.mshc.org.au/sexual-health/bacterial-vaginosis

Further reading

• Auvert B, et al. Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: the ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2005. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298
• Bailey RC, et al. Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2
• Bukusi E, et al. Topical penile microbicide use by men to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis in sex partners: A randomized clinical trial, Sex Transmi Dis 2011. DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318214b82d
• Cohen CR, et al. Randomized trial of Lactin-V to prevent recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2020. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915254
• Gray RH, et al. The effects of male circumcision on female partners' genital tract symptoms and vaginal infections in a randomized trial in Rakai, Uganda, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.07.069
• King AJ, et al. Getting Everyone on Board to Break the Cycle of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Recurrence: A Qualitative Study of Partner Treatment for BV. Patient 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s40271-025-00731-z
• Mehta S, et al. The microbiome composition of a man's penis predicts incident bacterial vaginosis in his female sex partner with high accuracy, Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00433
• Muzny CA, et al. An Updated Conceptual Model on the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2019 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz342
• Mitchell CM, et al. Screening and characterization of vaginal fluid donations for vaginal microbiota transplantation, Sci Rep 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22873-y
• Plummer EL, et al. A Prospective, Open-Label Pilot Study of Concurrent Male Partner Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis. mBio 2021. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02323-21
• Plummer EL, et al. Combined oral and topical antimicrobial therapy for male partners of women with bacterial vaginosis: Acceptability, tolerability and impact on the genital microbiota of couples - A pilot study. PLoS One 2018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190199
• Vodstrcil LA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment. BMC Med 2021. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02077-3
• Wawer MJ, et al. Wawer MJ, et al. Circumcision in HIV-infected men and its effect on HIV transmission to female partners in Rakai, Uganda: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60998-3

Editors of CMI Comms, Josh Davis, Erin McCreary and Emily McDonald return for round 2 taking turns to summarise and discuss late-breaker trials presented at ESCMID Global 2025 in Vienna, and whether or not these trials should change your practice. Part 2 covers the ALABAMA trial exploring the safety of penicillin-allergy delabelling using the penicillin allergy assessment pathway, the SOLARIO trial investigating short (≤7 days!) versus long (≥4 weeks) antibiotic courses for orthopaedic infections, the EAGLE-1 trial assessing oral gepotidacin for gonorrhoea, a randomised clinical trial (RCT) from Thailand on oral fosfomycin as carbapenem-sparing, de-escalating therapy in complicated UTIs, and a double-blind RCT from Israel comparing neutralising plasma to placebo for West Nile fever.   
 
This episode was peer reviewed by Dr. Emanuele Rando of Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain and is the second of this two-part series covering selected clinical trials presented at ESCMID Global 2025. 
 
Late-breaker trials

• Sandoe J, et al. Penicillin allergy assessment pathway versus usual clinical care for primary care patients with a penicillin allergy record to assess safety, de-labelling and antibiotic prescribing: The ALABAMA randomised controlled trial
• Angkanavisan K, et al. Oral fosfomycin after carbapenems as de-escalating therapy in complicated urinary tract infection: A randomised
  controlled trial
• Canetti M, et al. Neutralising plasma versus placebo for hospitalised patients with West Nile fever: a double-blind randomised controlled trial
• Dudareva M, et al. Short or long antibiotic regimes in orthopaedics: the SOLARIO multicentre randomised controlled trial
• Wilson, J. Phase 3 randomised trial of oral gepotidacin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea (EAGLE-1) 

References

• IDSA. Public Comment: IDSA Guideline on Management and Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections; 19 Feb - 19 March 2025.
• Mostashari F, et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999. Lancet. 2001. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05480-0
• Angus DC. Optimizing the Trade-off Between Learning and Doing in a Pandemic. JAMA. 2020. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4984
• Dudareva M. In: The 42nd Annual Meeting of the European Bone & Joint Infection Society. Barcelona, Spain: 26-28 Sept 2024. 
• Li HK, et al. Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotics for Bone and Joint Infection (OVIVA). NEJM. 2019 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1710926

This episode of Communicable takes on a special format where editors of CMI Comms, Marc Bonten, Josh Davis, Erin McCreary, Emily McDonald, all clinical trialists in their own right, take turns to summarise and discuss late-breaker trials presented at ESCMID Global 2025 in Vienna. These include the CloCeBa trial on Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia treatment options, the Taper V trial on vancomycin as prophylaxis for Clostridioides difficile infection, the ASTARTÉ trial on temocillin versus meropenem for bacteraemia due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales, the HARVEST trial investigating high doses of rifampicin for tuberculosis meningitis, and the CAP5 trial on shortening antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. 
 
This episode was peer reviewed by Dr. Barbora Píšová (Czech Republic) and is the first of a two-part series covering selected clinical trials presented at ESCMID Global 2025. 

References: 

• Lescure X, et al. Cloxacillin versus cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (CloCeBa): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial
• McDonald EG, et al. Initial vancomycin taper for the prevention of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection: the TAPER-V randomised controlled trial
• Cogliati Dezza F, et al. Temocillin versus meropenem for the targeted treatment of bacteraemia due to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ASTARTÉ): a randomised, pragmatic trial
• Van Crevel R, et al. High-dose rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis: results of the HARVEST phase III multi-country randomised clinical trial
• Bastrup Israelsen S, et al. Shortened antibiotic treatment for 5 days in patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP5): a multicentre randomised controlled noninferiority trial

In this first-ever collaboration between Communicable and Breakpoints, the podcast of the US Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, hosts Angela Huttner (Geneva, Switzerland) and Erin McCreary (Pittsburgh, USA) join trial investigators Josh Davis (Newcastle, Australia) and Steve Tong (Melbourne, Australia) to unpack the first results coming from the SNAP adaptive platform trial, which were recently presented at ESCMID Global in Vienna. Learn whether penicillin and cefazolin are non-inferior to—and maybe even safer than—flucloxacillin for penicillin-susceptible and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.

This episode was edited by Julie Anne Justo, transcribed by Katie Lambert and Sarah Groome, and peer-reviewed by Megan Klatt and Lacy Worden. 

Note on conflict of interest for SNAP Data Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) members:

Conflicts of interest were evaluated when choosing individuals to serve on the SNAP DSMC. Aside from being compensated for their duties on the committee, DSMC members have no ongoing financial relationships that relate to the trial and are not involved in the conduct of the trial in any role other than that of a DSMC member. DSMC members have no intellectual conflict of interest or bias and reviewed SNAP data in a fully objective manner. 

Literature:

Steven Y. C. Tong, Joshua S. Davis, Emily Eichenberger et al. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603-61.

SNAP Adaptive trial platform/results of the PSSA & MSSA domains: 

• https://www.snaptrial.com.au/

ESCMID Global April 2025 presentation:

• www.online.escmid.org *
• https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/programme/scientific-programme/

CloCeBa trial results (ESCMID Global April 2025 presentation): 

• www.online.escmid.org *
• https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/programme/scientific-programme/

Note on access to online video of ESCMID Global presentations:

• In the six months following the congress:
  • Non-ESCMID members have access if they registered for ESCMID Global
  • Members have access only if they registered for ESCMID Global
• Six months after the congress:
  • Non-members do not have access, whatever their ESCMID Global registration status
  • All members have access, whatever their ESCMID Global registration status

CAMERA 2 trial: Steven Y. C. Tong, David C. Lye, Dafna Yahav, et al. Without an Antistaphylococcal β-Lactam on Mortality, Bacteremia, Relapse, or Treatment Failure in Patients With MRSA BacteremiaA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(6):527-537. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0103

 
POET trial: Kasper Iversen, Nikolaj Ihlemann, Sabine U. Gill et al. Partial Oral versus Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Endocarditis. N Engl J Med 2019;380:415-424

POET trial follow-up: Mia M. Pries-Heje, Christoffer Wiingaard, Nikolaj Ihlemann. Five-Year Outcomes of the Partial Oral Treatment of Endocarditis (POET) Trial. N Engl J Med 2022;386:601-602

In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Annie Joseph join experts Kerrigan McCarthy of South Africa’s National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Natasha Crowcroft of the World Health Organisation to discuss the resurgence of measles as a consequence of misinformation campaigns and waning vaccination rates, how to diagnose and manage active measles cases, and post-exposure control measures to take to reduce further spread. They also address the broader challenges of the moment, including generalised vaccine hesitancy and sudden, sweeping budget cuts, underscoring the message that “measles anywhere is a problem everywhere.”

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Dr. Anelia Zasheva of the Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria.