Yesterday was International Women's Day. In light of that, Communicable prepared a special episode in which hosts Erin McCreary and Annie Joseph are joined by Esmita Charani (South Africa) and Annette Westgeest (Netherlands) for a discussion on gender- and sex-dependent patient-care disparities in the infectious diseases space. Together they review recent research findings that identified gender and sex as important determinants influencing patient outcomes and even decision making by prescribers. They also explore how societal and cultural norms may introduce further nuance and complexities. The panel remains optimistic in reaching equal healthcare for all, reflecting also on progressive steps such as increasing recognition by international organisations like the WHO, which published guidance on gender inequalities in national plans on AMR in 2024.

This episode was peer reviewed by Casandra Bulescu at the Dr. Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Bucharest, Romania.

References

• Charani E, et al. Wellcome Open Research, 2024. 
• Charani E, et al. Lancet Global Health, 2023.
• WHO guidance on gender inequalities in national action plans on AMR, 2024.
• Westgeest AC's presentation at ESCMID Global 2023.
• Dellière S, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2026.
• Westgeest AC, et al. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2023.
• Madsen TE, et al. DISPARITY-II study, 2014.
• Criado Perez, C. Invisible Women. 
• Ausman SE, et al. CLASI study, 2023.
• Vaughn VM, et al. ICHE, 2022.
• Szymczak JE. Clin Infect Dis, 2019.

In this third collaboration between SIDP’s Breakpoints and ESCMID’s Communicable podcasts, hosts Erin McCreary and Angela Huttner invite two veteran authors of guidelines and guidances, Pranita Tamma (Philadelphia, USA) and Benedikt Huttner (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland) [1-3]. Together, they deconstruct the complex landscape of developing and implementing guidelines into digestible components: they discuss why different organizations develop guidelines and what need they hope to fulfil, the framework including the GRADE methodology under which guidelines are written, and major barriers in the uptake of guidelines. The conversation also details the distinction between guideline and guidance as well as the art and science behind formulating recommendations or suggestions, with a few anecdotal cases sprinkled in from the panel. 

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and Lacy Worden. It was peer reviewed for Breakpoints by Lacy Worden and for Communicable by Ljiljana Lukić of University Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Zagreb, Croatia. 

References

1.  WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd Edition
2.  The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book
3.  IDSA 2024 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Gram-Negative Infections

Further reading

• ESCMID AMR Guidelines, https://clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/retrieve/pii/S1198743X21006790 
• GRADE working group, https://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/
• GRADE Book, https://book.gradepro.org/ 
• IDSA's intraabdominal guidelines, https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/intra-abdominal-infections/ 
• ESCMID Manual for Clinical Practice Guidelines and Other Guidance Documents, https://www.escmid.org/guidelines-journals/guidelines/ 
• International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins https://accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/phar.2209 
• American Thoracic Society guidelines on community-acquired pneumonia, https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.202507-1692ST 

In this episode of Communicable, Navaneeth Narayanan and Josh Nosanchuk invite Virginie Lemiale and Elie Azoulay (Paris, France) as well as fellow editor Emily McDonald (Montreal, Canada)—this time as guest—to discuss adjunctive steroid therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in HIV-negative individuals. In 2025, Lemiale and Azoulay published results from their double-blind, randomised controlled trial investigating steroid treatment for severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PIC trial) in the Lancet Respiratory Medicine [1]. At first glance, one might dismiss the study’s clinical impact due the ‘negative' result of  the primary outcome, mortality at 28 days, which just missed a statistically significant difference between groups. There was a clinical difference, however, and all other outcomes, including 90-day mortality, were significantly different between groups. Understanding how pivotal these results were to clinical practice, McDonald and colleagues sought to contextualise the results of the PIC trial through a Bayesian analysis in a follow-up publication [2]. While the discussion provides useful clinical commentary, it also helps both to demystify Bayesian analysis and to call attention to what might be lost with strict or overly concrete interpretations of traditional frequentist analyses. 

This episode was peer reviewed by Arjana Zerja from the Mother Theresa University Hospital Center, Tirana, Albania.

References

1. Lemiale V, et al. Adjunctive corticosteroids in non-AIDS patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PIC): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(9):800-808. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00125-0.
2. Lee TC, Albuquerque AM, McDonald EG. Contextualizing the use of corticosteroids in severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia through a Bayesian lens. CMI Commun. 2025;2(4):105141. doi:10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105141.

In this episode of Communicable, Josh Davis (Newcastle, Australia) and Emily McDonald (Montreal, Canada), plus invited guest, Steven Tong (Melbourne, Australia)—all practicing physicians and clinical trialists—assemble to discuss some of their ‘top infectious diseases papers published in 2025’. Bassam Ghanem (Jeddah Lol, Saudi Arabia), whom one might know better as Antibiotic Steward on social media, was also invited to share his favourite publications of 2025.

Six papers that were most consistently picked by the panel are presented, explaining why they were picked and how they have shifted paradigms or changed their practice. This episode complements the previous episode, which presented ‘top clinical microbiology papers in 2025’, and was peer reviewed by Akshatha Ravindra of Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India.  

Resources

• CLARITY initiative website

Papers presented (in order of presentation) 

1. Turner NA, et al. Dalbavancin for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. JAMA
2. Meya DB, et al. Trial of High-Dose Oral Rifampin in Adults with Tuberculous Meningitis. NEJM
3. Vodstrcil LA, et al. Male-Partner Treatment to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis. NEJM
4. Kreimer A, et al. Noninferiority of One HPV Vaccine Dose to Two Doses. NEJM
5. Guglielmetti L, et al. Oral Regimens for Rifampin-Resistant, Fluoroquinolone-Susceptible Tuberculosis. NEJM
6. Ross JDC et al, Oral gepotidacin for the treatment of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhoea (EAGLE-1). Lancet  

‘One liners’ (in order of presentation)

1. Burdet C et al. Cloxacillin versus cefazolin for meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (CloCeBa). Lancet
2. Lemiale V et al, Adjunctive corticosteroids in non-AIDS patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PIC). Lancet Respir Med
3. Luetkemeyer AF et al, Doxycycline to prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the USA. Lancet Inf Dis
4. Eyting M, et al. A natural experiment on the effect of herpes zoster vaccination on dementia. Nature
5. Xie M, et al. The effect of shingles vaccination at different stages of the dementia disease course. Cell
6. Pomirchy M, et al. Herpes Zoster Vaccination and Dementia Occurrence. JAMA
7. Durbin AP et al, Daily Mosnodenvir as Dengue Prophylaxis in a Controlled Human Infection Model. NEJM
8. Hook EW et al, One Dose versus Three Doses of Benzathine Penicillin G in Early Syphilis. NEJM
9. Opdam MAA et al, Continuation versus temporary interruption of immunomodulatory agents during infections in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Clin Infect Dis
10. Arundel C et al, Negative pressure wound therapy versus usual care in patients with surgical wound healing by secondary intention in the UK (SWHSI-2). Lancet

Honourable mentions

• Chaccour C, et al. Ivermectin to Control Malaria. NEJM
• Lucinde RK, et al. A Pragmatic Trial of Glucocorticoids for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. NEJM
• Morel J, et al. Effect of a 1-month methotrexate delay on pneumococcal vaccine immunogenicity and disease control in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (VACIMRA). Lancet Rheumatol
• Haukoos J, et al. Hepatitis C Screening in Emergency Departments. JAMA
• Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium (METRC). Oral vs Intravenous Antibiotics for Fracture-Related Infections: The POvIV Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA Surg
• Anderson CS, et al. Influenza vaccination to improve outcomes for patients with acute heart failure (PANDA II). Lancet
• St Peter SD, et al. Appendicectomy versus antibiotics for acute uncomplicated appendicitis in children. Lancet
• Pan CQ, et al. Tenofovir and Hepatitis B Virus Transmission During Pregnancy. JAMA
• Gohil SK, et al. Improving Empiric Antibiotic Selection for Patients Hospitalized With Abdominal Infection. JAMA Surg

Related podcast episodes

• Communicable E44: Top clinical microbiology papers in 2025 https://share.transistor.fm/s/6e5c26ae
• Communicable E29: Bacterial vaginosis & male partners, https://share.transistor.fm/s/3de4f5c3 
• Communicable E28: Late-breaker trials at ESCMID Global: Should they change your practice? - part 2, https://share.transistor.fm/s/4f044e8c 
• Communicable E20: Tuberculosis today https://share.transistor.fm/s/9858900e 

In the first Communicable episode of 2026, Annie Joseph and Josh Nosanchuk invite Robin Patel (Rochester, USA) and Fidelma Fitzpatrick (Dublin, Ireland) to discuss some of their favourite clinical microbiology papers published in 2025. These six papers highlight everything from technological advances of genomics and molecular diagnostic testing to the importance of patient and public involvement in research as well as effective communication [1-6]. The panel also discusses whether or not any of these papers have changed their practice.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Sinéad Kilgarriff of the National Virus Reference Laboratory University College, Dublin in Ireland. 

Robin’s papers

• Oyeniran SJ, et al. J Clin Microbiol 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00986-25 
• Xie O, et al. Lancet Microbe 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101182
• Lopopolo M et al., Science 2025. DOI: 10.1126/science.adu7144

Fidelma’s papers

• Turner NA, et al. JAMA 2025. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2025.12543  
• Paterson DL, et al. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00469-4
• Langford BJ, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2025. DOI: 10.1017/ash.2025.10210

Related podcast episodes

• Communicable episode 1: Late breaker trials at ESCMID Global 2024, https://share.transistor.fm/s/9c598f68

References

1. Oyeniran SJ, et al. J Clin Microbiol 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00986-25 
2. Xie O, et al. Lancet Microbe 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2025.101182
3. Turner NA, et al. JAMA 2025. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2025.12543  
4. Paterson DL, et al. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00469-4
5. Lopopolo M et al., Science 2025. DOI: 10.1126/science.adu7144
6. Langford BJ, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology 2025. DOI: 10.1017/ash.2025.10210

Further reading

• Mohammed HT, et al. IJSEM 2025. DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006986  
• Skally M, et al. BMJ Open 2025. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103431
• Ong SWX and Tverring J. CMI Communications 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105154
• Tverring J and Ong SWX. CMI Communications 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105169 

In this final episode of 2025, hosts Annie Joseph (Nottingham, UK) and Angela Huttner (Geneva, Switzerland), interview Communicable's producer, Katie Hostettler-Oi (Zurich, Switzerland), to learn which episodes she liked best this year. Their discussion provides a behind-the-scenes look at some of the episodes--including the strange surprises that sometimes came with them. Finally, the CMI Comms editors and editorial fellows send in their perspectives on 2025 and their wishes for 2026.

During the COVID-19 pandemic with lockdown mandates and social distancing, doctors, researchers, and the public were able to find refuge and community online; for the infectious disease community, it was on the social media platform Twitter, and more specifically under the widely used hashtag, #IDTwitter. Under new ownership from 2022, however, Twitter’s name and brand changed to what we now know as X, and “the heyday of #IDTwitter is long since gone”. In this special episode of Communicable, Angela Huttner and Marc Bonten invite doctors and science communicators, Neil Stone (London, UK), Ilan Schwartz (Durham, USA), and Tara Smith (Kent, USA) to debate whether we should stay on X or leave it for alternatives.

This episode is a follow-up from Stone and Schwartz’s commentary [1] and Smith’s response letter [2] addressing the same topic published in CMI Communications. The views expressed by the panelists are their own and do not represent the positions of their affiliated institutions or ESCMID. This episode was not peer reviewed.

Resources

You can follow all participants of this episode on Bluesky: @drneilstone.bsky.social, @germhuntermd.bsky.social, @aetiology.bsky.social, @marcbonten.bsky.social, @angelahuttner.bsky.social, and Stone on X: @DrNeilStone.

References

1. Stone NRH and Schwartz IS. Joining the X-odus: Contrasting perspectives on whether infection specialists should leave X (formerly Twitter). CMI Comms 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105140
2. Smith TC. Twitter remains a haven of harassment. CMI Comms 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105144

Further reading

• Biever, C. Bluesky’s science takeover: 70% of Nature poll respondents use platform. Nature News 2025. 
• PEW Research Center. How Do Americans View Childhood Vaccines, Vaccine Research and Policy? https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2025/11/18/how-do-americans-view-childhood-vaccines-vaccine-research-and-policy/   
• NBC News. X’s new location labels unmask users. Insiders say the idea was rejected for years. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/x-user-location-feature-country-elon-musk-new-rcna245620

In the last ten years, 'diagnostic stewardship' has emerged as a core principle of good clinical practice whose implementation impacts both the individual patient and public health at large. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Annie Joseph invite two experts in the field, Daniel Morgan (Maryland, USA) and Valerie Vaughn (Utah, USA), to discuss diagnostic stewardship in the context of infectious diseases, hospital medicine, and healthcare in general. Other topics covered include practical interventions for better testing practices and the role of artificial intelligence in the future of diagnostics. The episode highlights how thoughtful, intentional diagnostic practices can enhance clinician workflows and improve patient outcomes.

This episode is a follow-up from Morgan’s recently published commentary in CMI Communications on diagnostic testing, and the need for evaluating its clinical impact [1]. The episode was peer reviewed by Özlem Türkmen Recen of Çınarcık State Hospital, Yalova, Türkiye. 

References

1. Baghdadi JD & Morgan DJ. Diagnostic tests should be assessed for clinical impact. CMI Comms 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2024.105010

Further reading

• Advani S and Vaughn VM. Quality Improvement Interventions and Implementation Strategies for Urine Culture Stewardship in the Acute Care Setting: Advances and Challenges. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s11908-021-00760-3 
• Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs, https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/hcp/core-elements/hospital.html 
• Core Elements of Hospital Diagnostic Excellence (DxEx), https://www.cdc.gov/patient-safety/hcp/hospital-dx-excellence/index.html
• Cosgrove SE & Srinivasan A. Antibiotic Stewardship: A Decade of Progress. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.06.003 
• Dik JH, et al. Integrated Stewardship Model Comprising Antimicrobial, Infection Prevention, and Diagnostic Stewardship (AID Stewardship). J Clin Microbiol 2017. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01283-17
• Fabre V, et al. Principles of diagnostic stewardship: A practical guide from the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Diagnostic Stewardship Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023. DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.5 
• Huttner A, et al. Re: ‘ESR and CRP: it's time to stop the zombie tests’ by Spellberg et al. CMI 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.09.016 
• Morgan DJ, et al. Diagnostic Stewardship—Leveraging the Laboratory to Improve Antimicrobial Use. JAMA 2017. DOI:  10.1001/jama.2017.8531 
• Messacar K, et al. Implementation of rapid molecular infectious disease diagnostics: the role of diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship. J Clin Microbiol 2017. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02264-16
• Messacar K, et al. Clinical and Financial Impact of a Diagnostic Stewardship Program for Children with Suspected Central Nervous System Infection. J Pediatr. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.02.002  
• Qian ET, et al. Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Adults Hospitalized With Acute Infection: The ACORN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2023. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.20583 
• Siontis KC et al. Diagnostic tests often fail to lead to changes in patient outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.12.008
• Vaughn VM, et al. Antibiotic Stewardship Strategies and Their Association With Antibiotic Overuse After Hospital Discharge. Clin Infect Dis 2022. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac104
• Vaughn VM, et al. A Statewide Quality Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. JAMA Intern Med 2023. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.2749  

It’s World AMR Awareness Week (WAAW) and we have prepared a special episode in light of that. In this week's Communicable, Navaneeth Narayanan and Thomas Tängdén host Aula Abbara (London, UK), Guido Granata (Rome, Italy) and Tuomas Aro (Helsinki, Finland) to discuss the phenomenon of AMR in conflict and crisis zones. They elaborate on how difficult conditions and austere environments amplify the spread of AMR, drawing on findings from the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, Syria and other regions. Other topics covered include adapting antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention and control (IPC) practices as well as the need for genuine political will and international collaboration to end conflicts and their exacerbation on AMR.

This episode follows the webinar “Beyond the frontlines” organised by ESCMID’s AMR Action Subcommittee for WAAW 2025, featuring the same guests, and is available on ESCMID Media. This Communicable episode was peer reviewed by Arjana Zerja of Mother Theresa University Hospital Centre, Tirana, Albania. 

Related ESCMID and Communicable media

• ESCMID Media, Part 1: Beyond the frontlines - tackling AMR in conflict and crisis zones, webinar 
• Communicable episode 11: Nightmare series, part 2 – how to deal with carbapenemase producers 
• Communicable episode 16: Climate change and infections – effects on clinical practice & sustainability

Resources

• Trainee Association of ESCIMD (TAE) 
• Doctors without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières), Antibiogo, https://www.antibiogo.org/
• Doctors without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières), Mini-lab, https://fondation.msf.fr/en/projects/mini-lab 

Further Reading

• Abbara A, et al. Unravelling the linkages between conflict and antimicrobial resistance. NPJ Antimicrob Resist. 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s44259-025-00099-y
• Abbara A, et al. A summary and appraisal of existing evidence of antimicrobial resistance in the Syrian conflict. Int J Infect Dis. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.06.010
• Abu-Shomar R, et al. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas isolated from water at primary health care centers in Gaza, Palestine: a cross-sectional study. IJID Reg. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2025.100671
• Aldbis A, et al. The lived experience of patients with conflict associated injuries whose wounds are affected by antimicrobial resistant organisms: a qualitative study from northwest Syria. Confl Health. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s13031-023-00501-4
• Aro T, et al. War on antimicrobial resistance: high carriage rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria among war-injured Ukrainian refugees. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2025.07.010  
• Bazzi W, et al. Heavy Metal Toxicity in Armed Conflicts Potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by Selecting for Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Co-resistance Mechanisms. Front Microbiol. 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00068 
• Dewachi O. War Biology and Antimicrobial Resistance: The Case of Gaza, AMR Insights, 2024.
• Granata G, et al. The impact of armed conflict on the development and global spread of antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.03.029 
• Huang XZ, et al. Molecular analysis of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from US service members wounded in Iraq, 2003-2008. Epidemiol Infect. 2012. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811002871
• Hujer KM, et al. Analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter sp. isolates from military and civilian patients treated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00778-06
• Karah N, et al. Teleclinical Microbiology: An Innovative Approach to Providing Web-Enabled Diagnostic Laboratory Services in Syria. Am J Clin Pathol. 2022. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqab160
• Keen EF 3rd, et al. Evaluation of potential environmental contamination sources for the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria linked to wound infections in combat casualties. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012. DOI: 10.1086/667382
• Murray CK, et al. Recovery of multidrug-resistant bacteria from combat personnel evacuated from Iraq and Afghanistan at a single military treatment facility. Mil Med. 2009. DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-03-8008
• Petersen K, et al. Diversity and clinical impact of Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection at a military medical center. J Clin Microbiol. 2011. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00766-10
• Scott P, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex infection in the US military health care system associated with military operations in Iraq. Clin Infect Dis. 2007. DOI: 10.1086/518170
• Sensenig RA, et al. Longitudinal characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonizing and infecting combat casualties. Am J Infect Control. 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.03.025
• World Health Organization. Fourth WHO Global Evidence Review on Health and Migration stresses that equitable access to and appropriate use of antibiotics for refugees and migrants is essential to tackling Antimicrobial Resistance, News, 2022.

Once confined to the tropics, dengue is spreading via its vector, the Aedes mosquito, to more temperate regions, causing increases in global morbidity, mortality and cost. In 2019, the WHO recognised dengue as one of the top ten global health threats alongside climate change and antimicrobial resistance [1]. In this episode of Communicable, Annie Joseph and Nav Narayanan welcome two dengue experts, André Siqueira of the non-profit Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative based in Geneva, Switzerland (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and Steven Lim of the Raja Permaisuri Bainun Hospital (Ipoh, Malaysia). Together, they discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation and management of dengue including comparisons to other arboviral infections like zika and chikungunya, and the heightened risk of disease for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and those with comorbidities. The conversation also highlights innovative vector-control strategies and candidate therapeutics currently under investigation. 

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Loora Grünvald of the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Resources:

• Drug for Neglected Diseases (DNDi), https://dndi.org/ 
• Dengue Alliance, https://dndi.org/global-networks/dengue-alliance/ 
• Qdenga vaccine information: https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/news/763/qdenga-dengue-vaccine-guidance
• Dengavaxia vaccine information: https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/hcp/vaccine/index.html 

References: 

1. World Health Organization, Ten threats to global health in 2019.

Further reading: 

• Treating a feverish planet: The Dengue Alliance, a video