Democracy Paradox

If we want people to support democratic capitalism, it has to be a kind of democratic capitalism that delivers for most people, and we haven't had that.

Ian Shapiro

What went wrong after the Cold War – and what can democracies learn from the opportunities they missed? Ian Shapiro, Sterling Professor of Political Science and Global Affairs at Yale University and author of After the Fall: From the End of History to the Crisis of Democracy, How Politicians Broke Our World, joins Democracy Paradox to examine how political choices helped shape today’s populist backlash. Shapiro argues that center-left parties too readily accepted the neoliberal economic consensus, leaving many voters economically insecure and politically alienated. He and Justin Kempf also explore what a new economic model might require as democracies confront artificial intelligence, demographic change, immigration, and the transformation of work – and why, despite democracy’s vulnerabilities, Shapiro sees reasons for hope.

Ian Shapiro is the Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. His latest book is After the Fall: From the End of History to the Crisis of Democracy, How Politicians Broke Our World. 

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• The Left's Preemptive Capitulation - 2:21
• A Dollar Short, a Day Late - 14:52
• Right on Politics, Wrong on Math - 25:19
• The Next Turning Point - 39:38

Links

Learn more about Ian Shapiro.

Learn more about his book After the Fall: From the End of History to the Crisis of Democracy, How Politicians Broke Our World (Basic Books).

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

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The irony of democratic backsliding is a lot of these things are pitched to people and understood by people as actually pro-democratic.

Noam Lupu

Support for democracy is rising across the Americas after more than a decade of decline, but what kind of democracy do citizens actually want? Noam Lupu, director of Vanderbilt University’s Center for Global Democracy and LAPOP Lab, joins Justin Kempf to discuss findings from the latest AmericasBarometer and Pulse of Democracy. They explore why better economic and security conditions may be strengthening democratic support, even as distrust of political institutions persists; how citizens can embrace democracy while supporting illiberal leaders; and what attitudes toward representation, inequality, generational change, and political polarization reveal about the future of democracy across the region.

Noam Lupu is the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University and Director of the Center for Global Democracy and LAPOP Lab. 

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• Is Democracy Delivering? - 2:36
• The Illiberal Bargain - 9:56
• The Outliers: Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay - 19:56
• Whose Democracy Is It? - 29:31

Links

Learn more about Noam Lupu.

Learn more about the AmericasBarometer survey. 

Read the Pulse of Democracy 2026 report. 

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

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Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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There was an assumption that influence could only run one direction... but influence could run the other direction as well.

Alexander Cooley

Authoritarian governments are exercising growing influence not only within their own borders but across the institutions, markets, and organizations that shape global life. Alexander Cooley and Alexander Dukalskis, authors of Dictating the Agenda: The Authoritarian Resurgence in World Politics, join Justin Kempf to examine how authoritarian states have learned to reshape the liberal international order for illiberal ends. They discuss cooperation among autocracies, the growing economic power behind authoritarian influence, pressure on corporations and universities, and what these changes mean for liberalism, democracy, and the future of global governance.

Alexander Cooley is the Claire Tow Professor of Political Science and Vice Provost for Research and Academic Centers at Barnard College, Columbia University. Alexander Dukalskis associate professor in the School of Politics & International Relations at University College Dublin. They are the authors of the recent book Dictating the Agenda: The Authoritarian Resurgence in World Politics.  

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• Liberalism, Not Democracy - 3:18
• The Autocratic Axis -  15:01
• Profits Over Principles - 28:20
• What Comes After Liberalism? - 38:47

Links

Learn more about Alexander Cooley.

Learn more about Alexander Dukalskis.

Learn more about their book Dictating the Agenda: The Authoritarian Resurgence in World Politics (Oxford University Press, 2026)

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute

Apes of the State created all Music

Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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 We barely disagree with each other, but we can't stand one another's party. 

Suzanne Mettler

Suzanne Mettler is the John L. Senior Professor of American Institutions at Cornell University. She is the coauthor of Four Threats with Robert Lieberman and Rural Versus Urban: The Growing Divide that Threatens Democracy coauthored with Trevor Brown. 

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• From a 2-Point Gap to a 20-Point Chasm - 3:10
• The NAFTA Betrayal Democrats Never Escaped - 15:01
• Why Are You Kowtowing to These Elites? - 23:31
• Power Without Prosperity - 34:35

Links

Read the book Rural Versus Urban: The Growing Divide That Threatens Democracy

Learn more about Suzanne Mettler

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute

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Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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I'm by nature optimistic, but am extremely worried because of the structural moment we live in.

Rachel Beatty Riedl

Political scientist Rachel Beatty Riedl joins host Justin Kempf to examine how extreme economic inequality and the growing power of transnational elites have contributed to democratic backsliding. Drawing on experiences from Africa and other third-wave democracies, Riedl explains how concentrated wealth can weaken states, distort political competition, and prevent citizens’ preferences from being represented equally in government.

Rachel Beatty Riedl is a Professor in the Brooks School of Public Policy and in the Department of Government at Cornell University and the Peggy J. Koenig ’78 Director of the Cornell Center on Democracy. She is the coeditor of Global Challenges to Democracy: Comparative Perspectives on Backsliding, Autocracy, and Resilience with Valerie Bunce, Tom Pepinsky, and Ken Roberts and the author of many articles including “Neoliberalism and the Third Wave" in the Journal of Democracy. 

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• The Third Wave's Broken Bargain - 4:16
• Elites Without Borders - 14:50
• The Reagan Test - 24:35
• The Rocky Road Ahead - 34:26

Links

Learn more about the Cornell Center on Democracy 

Read the book Global Challenges to Democracy: Comparative Perspectives on Backsliding, Autocracy, and Resilience

Read her article “Neoliberalism and the Third Wave" in the Journal of Democracy

Learn more about Rachel Beatty Riedl.

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute

Apes of the State created all Music

Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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You can only get to the point of restoring democratic institutions if you win the last election with such a huge majority that you really have the public with you as you make radical change.

Kim Lane Scheppele

 Kim Lane Scheppele is the Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor of Sociology and International Affairs in the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs and the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University. Some of her articles include “Autocratic Legalism”, “The Rule of Law and the Frankenstate: Why Government Checklists Do Not Work”, “How Viktor Orbán Wins," and most recently “Can Péter Magyar Restore Hungary's Democracy?” 

 The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• Magyar's Playbook - 3:24
• A Party Without a Party - 18:26
• Breaking the Rules to Save Democracy - 30:48
• Looking to the Future Instead of History - 44:29

Links

Learn more about Kim Lane Scheppele

Read her Journal of Democracy article “Can Péter Magyar Restore Hungary's Democracy?”

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

Apes of the State created all Music

Email comments or questions to [email protected]

Support the show

The question is not whether polarization is dangerous, but the conditions under which it becomes violent.

Jeffrey Kopstein

Jeffrey Kopstein joins the Democracy Paradox to discuss when polarization turns violent. Drawing on his Journal of Democracy essay “When Polarization Turns Violent” and his book with Stephen Hanson, The Assault on the State, Kopstein explains why affective polarization, struggles over belonging, and the weakening or politicization of state authority can create the conditions for organized political violence. The conversation ranges from Charlottesville to lynching in the American South, pogroms in Eastern Europe, communal violence in India, and the rise of patrimonial leaders who treat the state as personal property rather than an impersonal rule-of-law institution.

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• From Disagreement to Hate - 2:55
• Who Owns the Polity? - 13:51
• When the State Steps Aside - 26:32
• The Assault on the State - 36:10

Links:

Learn more about Jeffrey Kopstein.

Read his Journal of Democracy article "When Polarization Turns Violent.”

Learn more about his co-authored book The Assault on the State.

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

Apes of the State created all Music

Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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We think the next ten years are going to be anti-billionaire.

Pepper Culpepper

Pepper Culpepper joins the Democracy Paradox to discuss when populism can strengthen democracy. Drawing on his Journal of Democracy article “When Populism Can Be Good” and his book with Taeku Lee, Billionaire Backlash, Culpepper argues that corporate scandals can channel public anger toward billionaires and large corporations in ways that reinforce democratic accountability. The conversation explores good and bad populism, economic unfairness, AI, regulation, and whether democratic governments can still stand up to concentrated corporate power.

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• Good Populism - 3:05
• Latent Opinion - 12:33
• The Next Progressive Era - 20:42
• Regulation vs. Abundance - 35:48

Links

Learn more about Pepper Culpepper.

Learn more about his Journal of Democracy article “When Populism Can Be Good.”

Learn more about his book Billionaire Backlash: The Age of Corporate Scandal and How It Could Save Democracy (Bloomsbury, 2026).

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

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Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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We think of World War II as this global democratizing event, but what it really did was strengthen left-wing authoritarianism.

Dan Slater

Dan Slater is the James Orin Murfin Professor of Political Science and the Director of the Center of Emerging Democracies at the University of Michigan. He is the coauthor (with Joseph Wong) of the book From Development to Democracy: The Transformations of Modern Asia. More recently, he authored the article "The Authoritarian Origins of the Third Wave" in the Journal of Democracy. 

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• Why Scholars Stopped Taking Ideology Seriously - 3:02
• The Difference Between Authoritarian Left and Right - 5:31
• Why the Third Wave Narrative Gets the History Wrong - 20:45
• Can Democracy Survive Ideological Extremes - 33:43

Links

Learn more about Dan Slater.

Read his article in the Journal of Democracy, "The Authoritarian Origins of the Third Wave."

Learn more about the Center for Emerging Democracies.

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

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Email comments or questions to [email protected]

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What happens when the violent state forged under autocracy survives into democracy?

Guillermo Trejo

In this episode of The Democracy Paradox, Kellogg faculty fellow Guillermo Trejo discusses his new book, Accountability Shock, coauthored with Lucía Tiscornia and Juan Albarracín. Trejo explains how authoritarian security forces can survive democratic transitions and fuel organized crime, and why truth commissions, prosecutions, and institutional reforms are essential tools for preventing violence and building more durable democracies.

The Democracy Paradox is made in partnership with the Kellogg Institute of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame. 

Read the full transcript here.

Key Highlights

• Introduction - 0:20
• What Is the State? - 3:23
• From Order to Crime - 9:12
• The Accountability Shock - 19:10
• Beyond Elections - 37:20

Links

Learn more about Guillermo Trejo.

Learn more about his book Accountability Shock: Why Transitional Justice Prevents Criminal Wars in New Democracies (Cambridge University Press, 2026)

Learn more about the Notre Dame Violence and Transitional Justice Lab.

Learn more about the Kellogg Institute.

Apes of the State created all Music

Email comments or questions to [email protected]

Support the show