Episode Summary

In 1931, seventeen-year-old Dewey Flack stepped off a train in Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, carrying a one-way ticket and a promise to send money home to his family. Two weeks later, he was dead—his lungs filled with crystalline silica dust so pure it turned them to stone. His death certificate said pneumonia. It was a lie.

Dewey was one of approximately 764 workers who died during construction of the Hawks Nest Tunnel, a three-mile hydroelectric project that has been called America's worst industrial disaster. The project, managed by Union Carbide subsidiary New Kanawha Power Company and contracted to Rinehart & Dennis, attracted roughly 3,000 workers during the depths of the Great Depression. Three-quarters of them were Black migrants fleeing unemployment in the segregated South, drawn by the promise of paying work when jobs had vanished across America.

What they found instead was a death sentence. The tunnel cut through rock that was 99 percent pure silica, and the contractors used dry drilling methods to save time and extract the valuable mineral. Workers testified that the dust was so thick they couldn't see an electric light ten feet away—one survivor said you could "practically chew the dust." Medical science had documented silicosis since 1910. The companies knew exactly what they were doing.

When workers began dying—sometimes dozens in a single week—the company fired them. Those too sick to leave were buried in mass graves under cover of darkness, their death certificates falsified to read "pneumonia" or "tuberculosis." Families back home waited for letters that never came, believing their sons and fathers had abandoned them. Dewey Flack's family spent eighty-eight years thinking he had run away—until NPR finally located his niece in 2019 and told her the truth.

Timeline of Events

The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster unfolded over eighteen months that changed American labor history. What began as a Depression-era promise of employment became a systematic cover-up that would take nearly a century to fully expose.

January 7, 1927 — Union Carbide creates New Kanawha Power Company to build hydroelectric project at Gauley Bridge, West Virginia.

March 31, 1930 — Construction begins on three-mile Hawks Nest Tunnel through Gauley Mountain. Rinehart & Dennis employs approximately 3,000 workers, most of them Black migrants from the South.

February 1931 — Local newspaper reports 37 deaths among tunnel workers in just two weeks. A local judge issues a gag order. The story disappears.

May 1931 — Dr. Leonidas H. Harless examines dozens of workers at Gauley Bridge hospital and identifies silicosis. He writes to Union Carbide warning of catastrophic death rates. The company ignores him.

September 1931 — Tunnel construction is completed. Workers continue dying for years afterward as silicosis claims its victims.

January 1936 — House Committee on Labor begins Congressional investigation, led in part by New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio. The subcommittee documents 476 official silicosis deaths and condemns conditions as "hardly conceivable in a democratic government."

September 7, 2012 — Historical marker finally dedicated at Hawks Nest, acknowledging the disaster.

Historical Significance

The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster stands as a devastating example of how corporate profit was placed above human life during America's industrial age. The Congressional investigation of 1936 exposed not just the immediate tragedy, but a system designed to exploit the most vulnerable workers while evading any accountability.

What makes Hawks Nest particularly significant is how thoroughly the disaster was buried. Unlike other industrial tragedies that sparked immediate reform, Hawks Nest was actively covered up. The companies falsified death certificates, buried workers in unmarked mass graves, and fired anyone who got sick before they could seek treatment. Families were never notified. Records were destroyed. For decades, the full scope of what happened remained hidden.

The racial dimension cannot be ignored. Three-quarters of the workforce was Black, and these workers were assigned the dirtiest, most dangerous tasks. They were paid in company scrip while white workers received cash. They were housed twelve to a room in boxcars while white workers got better accommodations. When they died, they were buried in segregated trenches because they weren't allowed in "white" cemeteries. The Congressional report noted that conditions were "hardly conceivable in a democratic government in the present century."

While Hawks Nest helped establish silicosis as a recognized occupational disease with compensation protections, the tunnel workers themselves were never protected by these laws. Union Carbide paid less than $1,000 per death on average in legal settlements. No executives ever went to prison. The disaster that killed more Americans than any other industrial incident in history resulted in no criminal charges whatsoever.

Today, Hawks Nest serves as a reminder that the stories of marginalized workers can be erased for generations—and why preserving these histories matters.

Sources & Further Reading

The Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster has been documented through Congressional testimony, investigative journalism, and academic research spanning nearly nine decades. These sources provide the foundation for understanding what happened in Gauley Bridge and why it was hidden for so long.

• NPR Investigation (2019) — "Before Black Lung, The Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster Killed Hundreds" — Comprehensive reporting that located Dewey Flack's family and brought renewed attention to the disaster: https://www.npr.org/2019/01/20/685821214/before-black-lung-the-hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster-killed-hundreds
• Martin Cherniack, "The Hawks' Nest Incident" (1986) — Award-winning epidemiological study establishing the 764-death estimate now recognized on the memorial.
• Patricia Spangler, "The Hawks Nest Tunnel: An Unabridged History" (2008) — Comprehensive historical account by West Virginia researcher.
• West Virginia State Archives — Congressional hearing transcripts and primary documents: https://archive.wvculture.org/history/disasters/hawksnesttunnel04.html
• Muriel Rukeyser, "The Book of the Dead" (1938, republished 2018) — Poetry collection documenting interactions with Hawks Nest survivors.

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