In this episode, we review the diagnosis and management of atrioventricular blocks (AVB). What are the differences between first-degree, second-degree Mobitz I, second-degree Mobitz II), and third-degree AV blocks? What is Stokes-Adams attack? What are reversible etiologies of AV block other than medications and Lyme disease? What is the role of carotid sinus massage and exercise treadmill testing in determining the level of the block? When is a pacemaker indicated? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

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In this episode, we review sinus node dysfunction. What is the difference between sinus arrest, sinus pause, sinoatrial exit block, and non-conducted premature atrial contraction? How is 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree sinoatrial exit block similar or different from 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree atrioventricular block, and how is sinoatrial Wenckebach similar or different from atrioventricular Wenckebach? Which of these are undetectable on surface ECG? When should you provide permanent pacing in sinus node dysfunction? Which medications can be used for reversal of symptomatic bradycardia? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Intermediate

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this episode, we review syncope and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. What is the difference between the presentation of syncope, cardiac syncope, reflex syncope, vasovagal syncope, carotid sinus syncope, situational syncope, presyncope, and loss of consciousness? What features suggest that syncope is occurring from an arrhythmogenic cause? What is Stokes-Adams attack? What are the contraindications to performing carotid sinus massage? What is the symptom-free waiting time before an individual can return to driving after an episode of syncope, according to the AHA/ACC/HRS guidelines? What role do ambulatory monitoring devices play in evaluating unexplained syncope? What are the differences between a Holter monitor, post-event monitor, external loop recorder, mobile cardiac telemetry, patch monitor, smart-tech ECG, and implantable loop recorder, and what are the drawbacks and limitations of each form of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this episode, we discuss the diagnosis and management of regular narrow complex tachycardias, including atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), and atrial tachycardia (AT). Which SVTs have an RP interval under vs over 70 ms? Which SVTs require initiation on a PAC with a prolonged PR? Which SVTs initiate on a PVC? Which SVTs terminate on a P wave? Which SVTs terminate on a QRS? What are the four possible responses of SVTs to IV adenosine? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Intermediate

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this episode, we review atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, pre-excitation, and inappropriate sinus tachycardia. How do you distinguish between typical and atypical atrial flutter? How do you distinguish between type A and type B Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern? What medications must be avoided in pre-excited atrial fibrillation? Does cardioversion have any role in atrial tachycardia? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this Part 2 review of review atrial fibrillation, we covering direct current cardioversion (DCCV), bleeding and stroke risks, ablation, and left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO). What are the situations in which CHA2DS2-VASc does not apply? Do you start anticoagulation on a patient who presents with a smartwatch-identified AF with no prior symptoms or diagnosis? How do you decide whether to refer a patient for percutaneous LAA occlusion? What are the success rates and complications of AF ablation? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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In this episode, we discuss terminology, rate control, and rhythm control for atrial fibrillation (AF). What distinguishes subclinical, paroxysmal, persistent, long-standing persistent, and permanent AF? What should you do if AF with rapid ventricular response (RVR) occurs in septic shock, when you may already be dependent on vasopressors? What factors favor rhythm control vs rate control? Which rhythm control agents can be given to patients with HF without CAD, patients with CAD without HF, patients with CAD and HF, and patients with neither HF nor CAD? How are the QT interval and QRS duration affected by class Ia, Ib, and Ic antiarrhythmics? What is reverse use-dependence and use-dependence? What are the hallmarks of digoxin toxicity, and when are digoxin-specific antibody (Fab) fragments indicated? Tune in for answers to these questions.

Difficulty Level: Easy

You are listening to Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series (2024-2025 Season)

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More MedEd resources available at www.rueyhu.com

Updates at Twitter/X: @Ruey_Hu