In Part 2 of our series with Dr. Bhupinder Farmaha, we go deeper—literally. 

Dr. Farmaha joins us again to talk about what’s happening below the topsoil and why it matters more than ever in nutrient decision-making. From soil testing at deeper depths to assessing the biological activity of soil microbes, Bhupinder's research is showing that one-size-fits-all recommendations just don’t cut it anymore.

He shares a bold finding: only 50% of cotton production sites in his trials respond to nitrogen application. That insight could shake up fertilizer recommendations in a big way. Bhupinder also dives into chicken litter studies, the promise and risks of micronutrient buildup, and the long-term effects of organic amendments on sandy South Carolina soils.

Highlights include:

• Working with USDA partners to integrate biological indicators into soil tests
• Chicken litter vs. synthetic fertilizer: trade-offs and recommendations
• How climate-smart practices can stabilize yields in unpredictable weather
• Rethinking seed selection in light of resilient management systems

The episode ends with a look at where this work is headed—toward more holistic, systems-based nutrient management. Bhupinder makes a strong case for moving beyond chemistry alone and embracing biology and farmer experience as critical parts of the fertility equation.

Resources Mentioned in This Episode

• Cotton, Country Conservation: An 8-Year Case Study in Regenerative Agriculture (Following SC Farmer Sonny Price's path of reducing input costs, increasing organic matter, and saving over $2.5 million):  soilhealthlabs.com/projects/cotton-country-conservation