It is the summer of 1634. When last we were with Roger Williams – helpfully, just the last episode – he was living in Salem, keeping his head down, and paddling around Massachusetts learning the local indigenous language and culture. But then Salem's minister, Samuel Skelton, would die, and Williams would become the de facto leader of the Salem church. At the same time, politics in England were turning against the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Word was, Sir Ferdinando Gorges was sending an armed ship to confiscate the colony's charter and impose a governor. The colony prepared for war, and considered it essential that God look favorably on the settlers. Roger Williams would speak up, pointing out that if He did not, it would be because of sins against Him from the government and church in Boston. This would lead to a year-long standoff between Williams and his followers over crucial matters of principle. This is the story of that confrontation, which would be the first moment in the history of the Americans when the separation, or not, of church and state would emerge as an existential question.

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Selected references for this episode

John M. Barry, Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul

Edmund Morgan, Roger Williams: The Church and State

Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop