Stuff You Missed in History Class

People around the globe have protected their skin using a variety of substances throughout history. In the 19th and 20th centuries, deeper understanding of sunlight and the way it affects skin led to more protective sunscreen formulations. 

Research:

• Aldahan AS, Shah VV, Mlacker S, Nouri K. “The History of Sunscreen.” JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(12):1316. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3011
• Belmont, Trixie. “Suntans With Pay Off.” The Baltimore Sun. June 13, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/image/377122417/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22%20&match=1
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Jan. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
• Diffey, B. “Has the sun protection factor had its day?.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 320,7228 (2000): 176-7. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7228.176
• Greiter, F. and Gschnait, F. “EFFECT OF UV LIGHT ON HUMANS.” Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1984. 39: 869-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08873.x
• Hodgskiss, Tammy. “What the use of ochre tells us about the capabilities of our African ancestry.” The Conversation. Sept. 7, 2015. https://theconversation.com/what-the-use-of-ochre-tells-us-about-the-capabilities-of-our-african-ancestry-47081
• “History of Hamilton.” https://www.hamiltonsunandskin.com.au/history-of-hamilton
• Leach, Doreen, and Julie Beckwith. “The founders of dermatology: Robert WilIan and Thomas Bateman.” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Vol. 33, No. 6. November/December 1999. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9665792/pdf/jrcollphyslond146949-0084.pdf
• MacEACHERN W.N. and O.F. JILLSON. “A Practical Sunscreen— ‘Red Vet Pet.’” Arch Dermatol. 1964;89(1):147–150. doi:10.1001/archderm.1964.01590250153027
• Rathish, Shruthi, and Sebastian Criton. “Robert Willan – A True Pioneer.”  Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala,  April 22, 2019. https://jsstd.org/robert-willan-a-true-pioneer/
• Rubin, Penny. “Only on Sun Days.” The Province. January 4, 1975. https://www.newspapers.com/image/501299818/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22&match=1
• “The science of sunscreen.” Harvard Health Publishing.  Feb 15, 2021. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-science-of-sunscreen
• Skin Cancer Foundation. “Ask the Expert: Does a High SPF Protect My Skin Better?”May 1. 2023. https://www.skincancer.org/blog/ask-the-expert-does-a-high-spf-protect-my-skin-better/
• “Sunscreen: How to Help Protect Your Skin from the Sun.” FDA. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/understanding-over-counter-medicines/sunscreen-how-help-protect-your-skin-sun#spf
• “SUNSCREEN IN THE ENVIRONMENT:The History of Sunscreen's Effect on Corals.” Smithsonian Institute Oceans. https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/sunscreen-environment
• “Sun Tan Free, by the Inch.” The San Francisco Examiner. June 18, 1967. https://www.newspapers.com/image/458648765/?terms=%22franz%20greiter%22&match=1
• Svarc, Federico. "A brief illustrated history on sunscreens and sun protection" Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 87, no. 9-10, 2015, pp. 929-936. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0303
• Urbach, Frederick. “The historical aspects of sunscreens.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. Volume 64, Issues 2–3. 2001.Pages 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00202-0.
• Urbach, F. “Franz Greiter – The Man and His Work.” Photobiology. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3732-8_82

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Licoricia of Winchester was a Jewish woman who was a major financier in medieval England. There were Jewish settlements in England for only a brief window during the Middle Ages, marked with anti-Semitic violence and hostility.

Research:

• Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Jewish Heritage in Southern England. Jewish Renaissance. Via YouTube. 6/8/2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wC6hitEgiEc
• Abrams, Rebecca. “Licoricia of Winchester: Power and Prejudice in Medieval England.” 2022.
• Brown, Reva Berman and Sean McCartney. “David of Oxford and Licoricia of Winchester: glimpses into a Jewish family in thirteenth-century England.” Jewish Historical Studies , 2004, Vol. 39 (2004). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780068
• Butler, Sara M. “Who killed Licoricia of Winchester? A Medieval Murder Mystery.” Legal History Miscellany. 2/10/2023. https://legalhistorymiscellany.com/2023/02/10/who-killed-licoricia-of-winchester-a-medieval-murder-mystery/
• Carver, William. “A 13thC Jewish woman: Licoricia of Winchester.” One Big History Department. 9/14/2022. https://onebighistorydepartment.com/2022/09/14/a-13thc-jewish-woman-licoricia-of-winchester/
• Cohen, Sarah. “The Oxford Jewry in the Thirteenth Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1932-1935, Vol. 13. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777813
• Goldy, Charlotte Newman. “Prosopography and Proximity.” Medieval Prosopography , 2018, Vol. 33. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26630013
• Licoricia of Winchester Appeal. https://licoricia.org/
• Lipman, Vivian D. “Jews and castles in medieval England.” Transactions & Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) , 1981-1982. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778916
• Lubrich, Naomi. “The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap.” Jewish History , December 2015, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (December 2015). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777
• Meyer, Hannah. "Licoricia of Winchester (d. 1277), financier." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. July 08, 2021. Oxford University Press. Date of access 16 Aug. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.369088
• Meyer, Hannah. “Licoricia of Winchester.” Delivered at Winchester Open Days. 9/15/2018. https://licoricia.org/2018/09/18/hannah-meyers-talk-a-great-success/
• Rokéaḥ, Zefira Entin. “Crime and Jews in Late Thirteenth-Century England: Some Cases and Comments.” Hebrew Union College Annual , 1984, Vol. 55 (1984). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507612
• Roth, Pinchas. “Jewish Courts in Medieval England.” Jewish History, December 2017, Vol. 31, No. 1/2. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48698359
• Snappy Dragon Studios. “This Jewish medieval woman just got a statue : Analyzing the Licoricia of Winchester statue’s clothes.” https://www.snappydragonstudios.com/blog/licoricia-statue
• Stacey, Robert C. “Royal Taxation and the Social Structure of Medieval Anglo-Jewry: The Tallages of 1239-1242.” Hebrew Union College Annual, 1985, Vol. 56 (1985). https://www.jstor.org/stable/23507653
• Stokes, Canon H.P. “A Jewish Family in Oxford in the 13th Century.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England), Vol. 10 (1921-1923). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29777709
• Tallan, Cheryl and Suzanne Bartlet. “Licoricia of Winchester.” The Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/licoricia-of-winchester
• Tallan, Cheryl. “Structures of Power Available to Two Jewish Women in Thirteenth-Century England.” Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, 1997. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23535849
• Uscinski, Kristin. “Who Murdered Licoricia of Winchester?” Footnoting History Podcast. 10/8/2022. https://www.footnotinghistory.com/home/who-murdered-licoricia-of-winchester
• van Court, Elisa Narin. “Invisible in Oxford: Medieval Jewish History in Modern England.” Shofar , Spring 2008, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Spring 2008). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42944746
• Waterman, Hillary. “Licoricia of Winchester, Jewish Widow and Medieval Financier.” JSTOR Daily. 10/28/2015. https://daily.jstor.org/licoricia-jewish-medieval-women-moneylenders/

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This 2020 episode about Leicester Hemingway reveals a life very much lived in the shadow of his famous brother. But after Ernest Hemingway’s death, Leicester made some bold and surprising moves. 

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Tracy talks about how Muriel Rukeyser being the entry point for the Hawk's Tunnel Disaster episode. Holly talks about Billie Burke's writing about her husband, Flo Ziegfeld, Jr., and unfair comparisons to other performers. 

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Billie Burke is known today for one iconic movie role, but in the early 20th century, she was incredibly successful and very famous. Her life and marriage are as fascinating and dramatic as any play or film she starred in.

Research:

• “Billie Burke.” Playbill. https://www.playbill.com/person/billie-burke-vault-0000023585
• “Billie Burke and Burkeley Crest.” Hastings Historical Society. Sept. 14, 2009. https://hastingshistoricalsociety.org/2009/09/14/billie-burke-and-burkeley-crest/
• “Billie Burke Dead; Movie Comedienne.” New York Times. May 16, 1970. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/16/archives/billie-burke-dead-movie-comedienne-billie-burke-film-comedienne-and.html
• “Billie Burke Weds.” New York Times. April 13, 1914. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/04/13/101431271.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
• Burke, Billie. “With a Feather on My Nose.” Appleton-Century-Crofts. New York. 1949.
• Burke, Billie. “With Powder o My Nose.” Coward-McCann. 1959. Kindle edition, 2016.
• “Florenz Ziegfeld Dies in Hollywood After Long Illness.” New York Times. July 23, 1932. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/07/23/100837257.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0
• “’The School Girl’ a Hit.” New York Times. May 10, 1903. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/05/10/105052764.pdf
• Tatna, Meher. “Forgotten Hollywood: Billie Burke.” Golden Globe Awards. Dec. 18, 2020. https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/forgotten-hollywood-billie-burke
• Walford, Jonathan. “What is a Flapper?” The Fashion History Museum. Aug. 30, 2021. https://www.fashionhistorymuseum.com/post/what-is-a-flapper#:~:text=The%20real%20origin%20of%20the,to%20high%2Dspirited%20teenage%20girls.

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The Hawk’s Nest Tunnel Disaster involved thousands of workers being exposed to silica dust, and many continued to get sick and die for years after the tunnel was finished. The project was run with total disregard for workers’ lives and safety.

Research:

• Investigation Relating to Health Conditions of Workers Employed in the Construction and Maintenance of Public Utilities : hearings before the United States House Committee on Labor, Seventy-Fourth Congress, second session, on Jan. 16, 17, 20-22, 27-29, Feb. 4, 1936.” https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=OhHRhNWDGi4C&pg=GBS.PA1&hl=en
• Cherniack, Martin G. "Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 14 March 2023. Web. 08 August 2023.
• Cherniack, Martin. “The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster.” Yale University Press. 1986.
• Crandall, William “Rick” and Richard E. Crandall. “Revisiting the Hawks Nest Tunnel Incident: Lessons Learned from an American Tragedy.” Journal of Appalachian Studies , Fall 2002, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Fall 2002). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41446542
• Georgius Agricola “De re metallica.” Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. The Mining Magazine. 1912. https://archive.org/details/georgiusagricola00agririch
• Harrington, D. and Sara J. Davenport. “Review of the Literature on the Effects of Breathing Dusts, With Special Reference to Silicosis.” United States Bureau of Mines.
• House of Representatives Subcommittee Report. “Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Second Session of the
• Jordan, Jennifer. “Hawks’ Nest.” From the West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly, 12:2(April 1998): 1-3. https://archive.wvculture.org/history/wvhs/wvhs122.html
• Lancianese, Adelina. “Before Black Lung, The Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster Killed Hundreds.” Weekend Edition Sunday. NPR. 1/20/2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/01/20/685821214/before-black-lung-the-hawks-nest-tunnel-disaster-killed-hundreds
• Marcus, Irwin M. “The Tragedy at Gauley Bridge.” Negro History Bulletin , April, 1976, Vol. 39, No. 4 (April, 1976). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44175749
• Quail, M. Thomas. “Special Report.” Journal of Environmental Health , January/February 2017, Vol. 79, No. 6. Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26330599
• Rosner D, Markowitz G. A Short History of Occupational Safety and Health in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2020 May;110(5):622-628. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305581. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PMID: 32191514; PMCID: PMC7144431.
• Rosner, David and Gerald Markowitz. “Workers, Industry, and the Control of Information: Silicosis and the Industrial Hygiene Foundation.” Journal of Public Health Policy. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1995). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3342976
• Rukeyser, Muriel. “The Book of the Dead.” With an introduction by Catherine Venable Moore. West Virginia University press. 2018.
• Seventy- Fourth Congress of the United States of America. Vol. 80, pt. 5. Washington: GPO, 1936.” From West Virginia Archives and History. https://archive.wvculture.org/hiStory/disasters/hawksnesttunnel04.html
• Spencer, Howard W. “The Historic & Cultural Importance of the Hawks Nest Disaster.” PSJ Professional Safety. February 2023. https://www.assp.org/docs/default-source/psj-articles/vpspencer_0223.pdf?sfvrsn=afa39647_0
• Stafnaker, C. Keith. “Hawk’s Nest Tunnel: A Forgotten Tragedy in Safety’s History.” Professional Safety. October 2006.
• Wills, Matthew. “Remembering the Disaster at Hawks Nest.” JSTOR Daily. 10/30/2020. https://daily.jstor.org/remembering-the-disaster-at-hawks-nest/

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The 2018 episode covers the day the last known Carolina parakeet died at the Cincinnati Zoo, as well as the stories of two other endlings, to see how abundant species can quickly become extinct.

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Tracy talks about the lengthy articles in law review journals that she read regarding the Insular Cases. Holly discusses why there are flavored sparkling waters even though that seems counter to the definition. 

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The desire to replicate natural effervescence led a lot of people to try to figure out how to carbonate water. But Jacob Schweppe was able to achieve brand recognition and establish a company that has endured despite early setbacks.

Research:

• Burros, Marian. “Carbonated Water: More Than a Matter of Taste.” New York Times. April 27, 1983. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/27/garden/carbonated-water-more-than-a-matter-of-taste.html
• Donovan, Tristan. “Fizz: How Soda Shook Up the World.” Chicago Review Press. 2013.
• Simmons, Douglas A. “Schweppes: The First 200 Years.” Acropolis Books. 1983.
• “Joseph Priestley.” Science History Institute Museum and Library. https://www.chemheritage.org/education/scientific-biographies/joseph-priestley/
• Laskow, Sarah. “The Great Soda-water Shake Up.” The Atlantic. Oct. 1, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/
• McCloughlin, Thomas. “Lost and Found: The Nooth Aparatus.” Volume 45, Issues 1–2. 2021,  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2021.100763
• McEvoy, John G.. "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Priestley
• Priestley, Joseph. “Directions for impregnating water with fixed air : in order to communicate to it the peculiar spirit and virtues of Pyrmont water, and other mineral waters of a similar nature.” London : Printed for J. Johnson, No. 72, in St. Paul's Church-Yard. 1772. Accessed online: https://archive.org/details/b30364978/page/10/mode/2up
• Schwarcz, Joe, PhD. “The Origins of Soda Water.” McGill Office for Science and Society. May 15, 2018. https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history/origins-soda-water
• Sharp, Ari. “Schweppes Sold for $1.2 bn.” The Sydney Morning Herald.  26, 2008. https://www.smh.com.au/business/schweppes-sold-for-12bn-20081225-7558.html
• Zuck, D.”Dr. Nooth and His Apparatus.” British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1978. Vol. 50. https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(17)45198-1/pdf

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The Insular Cases are SCOTUS cases regarding rights of people in U.S. territories. They’re considered U.S. citizens from birth, but they don’t have the same constitutional rights or representation as citizens who live in one of the 50 states.

Research:

• Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/243/
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sanford Ballard Dole". Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sanford-Ballard-Dole. Accessed 31 July 2023.
• Carstensen, Vernon. “The Constitutional and Territorial Expansion.” https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND88053401/pdf
• DeLima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/1/
• Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/222/
• Dooley v. United States, 183 U.S. 151 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/151/
• Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/244/
• Erman, Sam. “Meanings of Citizenship in the U.S. Empire: Puerto Rico, Isabel Gonzalez, and the Supreme Court, 1898 to 1905.” Journal of American Ethnic History Summer 2008 Volume 27, Number 4.
• Fiol-Matta, Lía. “Future of the Insular Cases.” Latino Justice. https://www.latinojustice.org/en/latinojusticeopina/future-insular-cases
• Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/183/176/
• Gelpí, Gustavo A. “The Insular Cases: A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico, Hawai‘i, and the Philippines.” The Federal Lawyer | March/April 2011.
• Gershon, Livia. “The Myth of Manifest Destiny.” JSTOR Daily. 5/5/2021. https://daily.jstor.org/the-myth-of-manifest-destiny/
• Goetze v. United States, 182 U.S. 221 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/221/
• Howe, Amy. “Court declines to take up petition seeking to overturn Insular Cases.” SCOTUS Blog. 10/17/2022. https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/10/court-declines-to-take-up-petition-seeking-to-overturn-insular-cases/
• Huus v. New York & Porto Rico Steamship Co., 182 U.S. 392 (1901). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/182/392/
• National Archives. “Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803).” https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/louisiana-purchase-treaty#no-1
• Perez, Lisa Maria. “Citizenship Denied: The ‘Insular Cases’ and the Fourteenth Amendment.” Virginia Law Review , Jun., 2008, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Jun., 2008). https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470577
• Ponsa-Kraus, Christina. “The Insular Cases Run Amok: Against Constitutional Exceptionalism in the Territories.” Yale Law Journal. Vol. 131, No. 8. June 2022. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/the-insular-cases-run-amok
• Sparrow, Bartholomew H. "Insular Cases." Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, edited by David S. Tanenhaus, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 476-481. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3241200487/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=91c70605. Accessed 25 July 2023.
• Supreme Court of the United States. “UNITED STATES v. VAELLO MADERO.” Argued November 9, 2021—Decided April 21, 2022. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/20-303_6khn.pdf
• Topol, Sarah A., and Glenna Gordon. "The America That Americans Forget." The New York Times Magazine, 9 July 2023, p. 22(L). Gale General OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A756508304/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=9e9434c8. Accessed 25 July 2023.
• Torruella, Juan R. “Ruling America's Colonies: The Insular Cases” Yale Law & Policy Review. 32:57. 2013.
• Torruella, Juan R. “The Insular Cases: The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law. Winter 2007. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol29/iss2/1/
• S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs. “Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations.” https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes
• S. State Department Office of the Historian. “Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/louisiana-purchase.
• Wallach, Sherry Levin. “The Insular Cases Must Be Overturned.” Bloomberg Law. 8/3/2022. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/the-insular-cases-must-be-overturned
• Yale Law School. “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848.” https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp

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