Holly speculates about how one article about Josephine Cochrane got so many details wrong. Tracy then talks about the details of Canada's currency featuring Viola Desmond. 

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Desmond was convicted after refusing to leave her seat in a segregated movie theater in Nova Scotia in 1946. But she also established the first beauty salon for Black women her area, and founded a beauty school for Black women.  

Research: 

• Bingham, Russell. "Viola Desmond". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 16 April 2021, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/viola-desmond. Accessed 09 August 2022.
• Bishop, Henry V. “Viola (Davis) Desmond (b. 1914 — d. 1965): Stand For Justice.” Nova Scotia Archives. https://archives.novascotia.ca/desmond/background/
• Canadian Museum for Human Rights. “One woman’s resistance: Viola Desmond's Story.” https://humanrights.ca/story/one-womans-resistance
• Flynn, Karen. “Remembering Viola Desmond.” Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. 11/2021. https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/remembering-viola-desmond?language_content_entity=en
• "Fred Christie Case (Christie v York)". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 06 June 2020, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fred-christie-case. Accessed 12 August 2022.
• Henry, Natasha. "Racial Segregation of Black People in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia, 08 September 2021, Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada. Accessed 10 August 2022.
• Parks Canada. “Viola Desmond National Historic Person (1914-1965).” https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/clmhc-hsmbc/res/information-backgrounder/Viola_Desmond
• Reynolds, Graham and Wanda Robson. “Viola Desmond: Her Life and Times.” Roseway Publishing. 2018.
• Robson, Wanda. “Sister to courage : stories from the world of Viola Desmond, Canada's Rosa Parks.” Wreck Cove, N.S. : Breton Books. 2010.
• The Halifax Chronicle. “Dismisses Desmond Application.” 5/19/1947. page 14. Via Nova Scotia Archives. https://archives.novascotia.ca/desmond/archives/?ID=28
• "Viola Desmond." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 2022. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631009722/GPS?u=mlin_n_melpub&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=1380ef8c. Accessed 8 Aug. 2022.
• Walker, Barrington. “The African Canadian Legal Odyssey: Historical Essays.” Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2012.

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There is one woman in particular who normally gets the credit for inventing the dish washer. But there were other inventors trying to come up with ways to automatically take care of kitchen clean up both before and after Josephine Cochran.

Research:

• Bellis, Mary. "Josephine Cochran and the Invention of the Dishwasher." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/josephine-cochran-dishwasher-4071171.
• Houghton, Joel. “IMPROVEMENT IN MACHINES FOR WASHING TABLE FURNITURE.” United States Patent Office. May 14, 1850. https://todayinsci.com/Events/Patent/DishwashingMachine7365.htm
• Cochran, J.G. “Dish Washing Machine.” U.S. Patent Office. Dec. 28, 1886. https://patents.google.com/patent/US355139
• Fenster, Julie M. “The Woman Who Invented the Dish Washer.” Invention & Technology. Fall 1999. Volume 15, Issue 2. https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/woman-who-invented-dishwasher-1
• “Restoring History: Family Purchases Home of Dishwasher Inventor Josephine Cochrane and Pledges to Return it to its Former Glory.” Whirlpool. July 30, 2020. https://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/restoring-history-dishwasher-inventor-josephine-cochrane/
• Eschner, Kat. “This Time-Saving Patent Paved the Way for the Modern Dishwasher.” Smithsonian. Dec. 28, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/time-saving-patent-paved-way-modern-dishwasher-180967656/
• Ram, Jocelyn, et al. “I’ll Do It Myself.” United States Patent and Trademark Office. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/journeys-innovation/historical-stories/ill-do-it-myself
• “Josephine Garis Cochran.” National Inventors Hall of Fame. 2006. https://www.invent.org/inductees/josephine-garis-cochran
• Smyser, Sue. “Woman’s Quest to Save Good China Leads to Invention of Dishwasher.” Journal Gazette (Mattoon, Illinois). March 13, 2002. https://www.newspapers.com/image/84706698/?terms=Garis-Cochran&match=1
• “Mrs. Cochran, Who Has Won Success as an Inventor.” The Dispatch (Moline, Illinois). Nov. 16, 1895. https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=55415779&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjMzODYyNTg5OCwiaWF0IjoxNjU5OTY3OTUzLCJleHAiOjE2NjAwNTQzNTN9.a3m-ZQ4f6PFlFUG8ibS-p2qBxNpg0C9Z2gEwg1t5lOU

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This 2014 episode covers why when the Great London Smog descended in December of 1952, nobody initially realized anything unusual was going on. At its largest, it extended 30 kilometers around London, and it killed thousands of people. 

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Tracy and Holly discuss resources for learning more about the Lumbee and the unique nature of North Carolina's outdoor historical dramas. Additionally, they discuss lead, cartoonist Roz Chast, and Midgley's death.

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Midgley was a deeply respected researcher and chemist who received multiple awards. He also developed both leaded gas and freon, two substances banned around the world now because they are very bad for the environment and public health.

Research:

• Bellis, Mary. "The History of Freon." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/history-of-freon-4072212.
• Blakemore, Erin. “The Ozone Hole Was Super Scary, So What Happened To It?” Smithsonian. 1/13/2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ozone-hole-was-super-scary-what-happened-it-180957775/
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "tetraethyl lead". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Dec. 2018, https://www.britannica.com/science/tetraethyl-lead. Accessed 3 August 2022.
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Thomas Midgley, Jr.". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Midgley-Jr. Accessed 3 August 2022.
• Dayton Herald. “Midgey’s Death Termed Suicide.” P. 28. 11/10/1944.
• Giunta, Carmen J. “Thomas Midgley Jr. and the Inventions of Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants: It Ain’t Necessarily So.” Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 31, Number 2 (2006). http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v31-2/v31-2%20p66-74.pdf
• Kettering, Charles F. “Thomas Midgley, Jr: 1889-1944.” National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting, 1947. http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/midgley-thomas.pdf
• Kovarik, Bill. “Ethyl leaded gasoline: How a Classic Occupational Disease Became an International Public Health Disaster. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 2005;11:384–397. VOL 11/NO 4, OCT/DEC 2005. https://environmentalhistory.org/about/ethyl-leaded-gasoline/
• NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. “History of the Ozone Hole.” https://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history_SH.html
• “Novel Method of Removing Metal from An Eye.” Ind. Eng. Chem. 1919, 11, 9, 892–895 Publication Date. September 1, 1919 https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50117a017
• Press release. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022. Thu. 4 Aug 2022. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/press-release/
• Seyferth, Dietmar. “The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 1.” Organometallics, Vol. 22, No. 12, 2003. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/om030245v
• Seyferth, Dietmar. “The Rise and Fall of Tetraethyllead. 2.” Organometallics Organometallics, Vol. 22, No. 25, 2003. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/om030621b
• U.S. Department of Energy. “Fact #841: October 6, 2014 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. vs. Other World Regions.” https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-841-october-6-2014-vehicles-thousand-people-us-vs-other-world-regions

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The Lowry Gang fought back against Confederate authorities during the U.S. Civil War and during Reconstruction they came to be viewed as either Robin Hood-esque folk heroes or as dangerous murderers and thieves, depending on who you were asking.

Research:

• Leland, Elizabeth. “Coming Home to the Land of the Lumbee.” Our State. 9/6/2017. https://www.ourstate.com/lumbee-american-indians/
• Currie, Jefferson. “Henry Berry Lowry.” Tar Heel Junior Historian, Spring 2000. https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/lowry-henry
• “Proclamation of Outlawry for Henry Berry Lowry and his band of robbers.” https://www.ncpedia.org/printpdf/13809
• North Carolina Museum of History. “Community Class Series: Henry Berry Lowrie, Lumbee Legend.” With Nancy Strickland Fields, Museum of the Southeast American Indian; Dr. Lawrence T. Locklear, University of North Carolina at Pembroke; and Dr. Malinda Maynor Lowery, Emory University. Via YouTube. Sep 23, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUALvny7DZ4
• Lowery, Malinda Maynor. “Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity and the Making of a Nation.” University of North Carolina Press. 2010. 
• Oakley, Christopher Arris. “The Legend of Henry Berry Lowry: Strike at the Wind and the Lumbee Indians of North Carolina.” The Mississippi Quarterly , Vol. 60, No. 1, Special issue on American Indian Literatures and Cultures in the South (Winter 2006-07). Via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26467042
• Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina. “History and Culture.” 2017. https://www.lumbeetribe.com/history-and-culture.
• Lowery, Malinda Maynor. “The Lumbee Indians: An American Struggle.” University of North Carolina Press. 2018.
• Kays, Holly. “Cherokee chief testifies against Lumbee recognition.” Smoky Mountain News. 1/7/2020. https://smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/28263-cherokee-chief-testifies-against-lumbee-recognition#
• Townsend, George Alfred. “The Swamp outlaws, or, The North Carolina bandits : being a complete history of the modern Rob Roys and Robin Hoods.” New-York : Robert M. DeWitt. 1872.
• “TESTIMONY OF PRINCIPAL CHIEF RICHARD SNEED EASTERN BAND OF CHEROKEE INDIANS.” https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/110282/witnesses/HHRG-116-II24-Wstate-SneedR-20191204.pdf
• Harper’s Weekly. “The North Carolina Bandits.” March 30, 1872.
• McElroy, Jenny. “The Lowry War.” NCPedia. 3/1/2008.  https://www.ncpedia.org/history/cw-1900/lowry-war

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This 2019 episode covers a trailblazer in science and medicine. Hamilton dedicated her life to improving the workplace standards for laborers in an effort to reduce illnesses that came from working with toxic chemicals.

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Holly and Tracy discuss the ways they encountered butterflies in their childhoods and how people can help conservation efforts at home. They also talk through some of the stories of Weegee's life that didn't make it into the episode. 

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Weegee is often cited as having been an influence on artists like Diane Arbus and Andy Warhol. He also influenced the world in how New York was viewed, because of his stark, black and white photos of the city.

Research: 

• Smith, Roberta. “He Made Blood and Guts Familiar and Fabulous.” New York Times. Jan. 19, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/arts/design/weegee-at-international-center-of-photography-review.html
• Cotter, Holland. “'Unknown Weegee,' on Photographer Who Made the Night Noir.” New York Times. June 9, 2006.
• “Weegee.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/weegee
• Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Weegee". Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Jun. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Weegee
• Vermare, Pauline. “New York City, by Weegee the Famous.” Magnum Photos. Feb. 10, 2020. https://www.magnumphotos.com/arts-culture/society-arts-culture/new-york-city-by-weegee-the-famous/
• Mallon, Thomas. “Weegee the Famous, the Voyeur and Exhibitionist.” The New Yorker. May 21, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/28/weegee-the-famous-the-voyeur-and-exhibitionist
• Weegee. “Weegee: The Autobiography (Annotated).” The Devault-Graves Agency. 2016.
• Bonanos, Christopher. “Flash: The Making of Weegee the Famous.” Henry Holt and Company. 2018.
• Weegee. “Naked City.” Da Capo Press. 2002.
• Kilston, Lyra. “Weegee's Naked Hollywood.” Time. Nov. 28, 2011.  https://time.com/3783214/weegees-naked-hollywood-at-moca/

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