Now that you’ve finished Putin and the Apartment Bombs, we’re bringing you a listening recommendation: Cautionary Tales. In this episode, Helena Merriman joins Cautionary Tales host Tim Harford to discuss the 1999 apartment bombs and how our understanding of the story – and the people at the centre of it – has changed over time.

If you’re in the UK, you can find more episodes of Cautionary Tales on BBC Sounds. If you’re outside the UK, listen wherever you get your podcasts.

Who bombed the four apartment buildings?

The reporters who covered this story look back with over 25 years of distance to answer a one question: who do they think bombed those four apartment buildings back in September 1999?  Was it the Chechen militants the government blamed? Or was it an FSB plot - to create a climate of fear so that one of their own - Vladimir Putin - could step in as the hard man the country needed - and become President? Or is that nothing more than a wild conspiracy theory?

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

A trial of two suspected bombers seems to offer closure – but is this really case closed?

As Mikhael Trepashkin prepares to present evidence that might shed light on what really happened in 1999, he's thrown into prison. And as the verdict looms for two suspected bombers, so does an unsettling truth about how the Kremlin uses moments of crisis to tighten its grip. In this episode, Helena speaks to Steven Lee Myers, the former New York Times Moscow Bureau Chief who watched Putin consolidate his power in the years after the bombings.

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

A former KGB investigator steps forward, risking everything to get to the truth.

As Putin’s power grows, American journalist Scott Anderson returns to the story of the 1999 apartment bombings. Only one man will speak to him: Mikhail Trepashkin. Once KGB, then FSB, Trepashkin used to believe fiercely in the system he served. Now, drawn into the mystery surrounding the bombings, he follows the evidence into the shadows where police sketches don’t match suspects, allies end up dead and the cost of digging deeper into the FSB’s activities keeps rising. In this episode, Helena speaks to Scott about the investigator turned whistleblower who refused to give up.

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment bulidings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

Two men challenging the FSB’s story flee to London seeking safety, only to end up dead.

Years after the apartment bombings shook Russia a press conference is held in London, led by exiled oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Once a kingmaker who helped propel Putin to power, Berezovsky now claims the bombs were an inside job. And in the room sits another man, Alexander Litvinenko, whose own investigation into the bombings will set him on a perilous collision course with the Kremlin. As the danger moves across borders, one question lingers: how high is the price for speaking out? In this episode, Helena speaks to Jeremy Vine and Gordon Corera, two journalists who followed the story from the UK.

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

What if the truth behind the bombs could be revealed - on a television show?

Following the events at Ryazan, journalists at Russia’s major television channel NTV prepare for a primetime broadcast: a confrontation between the residents of the building where the sacks of powder were found and the FSB officials who insist it was nothing more than a training exercise. With the Russian presidential election just days away, the TV show becomes a gamble that could cost NTV far more than its ratings. In this episode, Helena speaks to Yevgeny Kiselyov, one of Russia’s most influential political journalists and the man who brought the show to the air.

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

Three sacks of white powder discovered in a basement – and a ticking timer set for dawn.

As fear grips the country and families sleep on the streets, a strange discovery in the city of Ryazan sparks a chain of events that challenges everything people thought they knew about the bombings. In Episode 2, Helena speaks to David Satter, a journalist who has spent years trying to make sense of two pivotal weeks in Russia’s history.

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested - and consequential - stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

Four bombs. Twelve days. Hundreds dead. What really happened in Russia in September 1999?

Helena speaks to BBC foreign correspondent Andrew Harding to revisit a story that has haunted him for decades. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Harding takes us inside a world of power struggles, inflation and a country on the brink. Then, in September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin becomes Prime Minister, the apartment bombs begin. Russia is gripped by fear. The question is: who did it?

In Season 1 of The History Bureau, presenter Helena Merriman returns to one of the most contested -- and consequential-- stories in modern Russia. In September 1999, just weeks after Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartments buildings across Russia. The bombs exploded in the middle of the night, killing hundreds of people while they slept. In this season, Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?

Presenter: Helena Merriman

In September 1999, just weeks after a 46-year-old Vladimir Putin became Prime Minister, four bombs blew up four apartment buildings across Russia, killing hundreds of people while they slept. The attacks plunged the country into panic. Families fled their homes. Residents patrolled their blocks around the clock. An entire nation paralyzed by fear.

But who did it? It's a mystery that has fuelled some chilling theories.

The government blamed Chechen militants. Many reporters agreed. But then the whispers started. Was something even more sinister going on?

Over 25 years later, journalists who covered the bombings still can't agree on who planted the explosives or why.

Presenter Helena Merriman returns to the story with the reporters who were there on the ground. What did they get right first time around? And, in the chaos and confusion of unfolding events, what did they miss?