Illuminated manuscripts are the stunning, handcrafted books of the medieval world, created through a meticulous process in monastery workshops known as scriptoria. Scribes would copy text onto processed animal skin, or vellum, while artists known as illuminators added intricate illustrations and shimmering gold leaf. The term 'illuminated' comes from this dazzling use of gold and silver, which made the pages glitter like sacred objects. While gold provided the glimmer, the most precious material was often the brilliant blue pigment ultramarine, ground from lapis lazuli imported from Afghanistan. In addition to the sacred text, the margins of these books often contained whimsical and bizarre doodles, known as marginalia, featuring everything from knights battling snails to musical monkeys. A pinnacle of this art form is the Book of Kells, a masterpiece of Insular art created by Celtic monks around 800 CE. It is celebrated for its dense, complex Celtic knotwork and vibrant illustrations, most famously on its renowned Chi-Rho page (Folio 34r), a dizzying and meditative work of art that transforms the name of Christ into a sacred image filled with hidden figures and profound symbolism.

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