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The Kangxi Emperor squashes his beef with the three rebellious feudatories of the south by squashing their traitorous lords, only to have to pivot northward once again to face down... who? The Russians? And the Mongols?! And Tibetans?! And the Catholic Church?!

Time Period Covered:

1670-1722 CE

Major Historical Figures:

Great Qing:

The Kangxi Emperor [r. 1661-1722]

Crown-Prince Yunreng [1674-1725]

Grand Secretary Songgotu [1636-1703]

Fan Chengmo, Governor-General of Fujian [1624-1676]

Nian Gengyao, Viceroy of Sichuan and Tibet [1679-1726]

Mei Wending, mathematician [1633-1721]

Tsarist Russia:

Tsar Alexis Romanov, "The Quietest" [r. 1645-1676]

Tsar Feodor III [r. 1676-1682]

Tsar Ivan V [r. 1682-1696]

Tsar/Emperor Peter I, "the Great" [r. 1682-1725]

Izmailov

Roman Catholic Church:

Pope Clement XI [1649-1721]

Cardinal Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon [1668-1710]

Jesuit Missionaires:

Fr. Jean-François Gerbillon [1654-1707]

Fr. Tomé Pereira [1645-1708]

Fr. Joachim Bouvet [1656-1730]

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löd/Mongol/Dzungar Khanate:

Erdeniin Galdan, Boshugtu Khan [r. 1671-1697]

Tsewang Araptan [r. 1697-1727]

General Chereng Dondub the Elder [d. 1737]

Major Works Cited:

Perdue, Peter C. (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia.

Spence, Jonathan D. "The K'ang-Hsi Reign" in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9: The Ch'ing Dynasty, Part 1: To 1800.

Wakeman, Frederic Evans. The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order In Seventeenth-Century China.

Wakeman, Frederic Evans. "Romantics,Stoics, and Martyrs In Seventeenth Century China" in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4.

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