The Ancient World

Synopsis: The long-lived rulers of Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty undertook the kingdom’s revitalization – restoring the depleted Faiyum Oasis and raising a massive chain of forts to subjugate Nubian lands. While the south Levant faced Egyptian raids, north Syria saw increased trade under newly-ascendant Amorite dynasties. The city of Assur on the upper Tigris took its first steps toward the economic domination of Anatolia.

“I made my way northward. I reached the ‘Walls of the Ruler’, which were made to repel the Asiatics and to crush the Sand-farers. I crouched in a bush for fear of being seen by the guard on duty upon the wall. I set out at night. At dawn I reached Peten. I halted at ‘Isle-of-Kem-Wer’. An attack of thirst overtook me; I was parched, my throat burned. I said, “This is the taste of death.” I raised my heart and collected myself when I heard the lowing sound of cattle and saw Asiatics. One of their leaders, who had been in Egypt, recognized me. He gave me water and boiled milk for me. I went with him to his tribe. What they did for me was good. Land gave me to land.” – The Story of Sinuhe

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/Egypt_Forts.jpeg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720336021890/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A17_References.pdf

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Synopsis: The Sintashta way of life and death seeds aspects of Vedic Aryan Hinduism and Iranian Zoroastrianism, while their quest for a lucrative market for metals brings them into contact with the Oxus Civilization and – through them – the larger Near Eastern world. In post-Ur III Sumer, Amorite chiefs and military leaders begin to flex a newfound power and prestige.

“The robe they spread upon the Horse to clothe him,

The upper covering and the golden trappings,

The halters which restrain the Steed, the heel-ropes, -

All these, as grateful to the Gods, they offer.”

– Rig-Veda, Book 1, Hymn 162, The Horse

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 2100 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS2100.jpg

Map of the Near East c. 1950 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/Near_East_1950.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720335716108/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A16_References.pdf

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Synopsis: Yamnaya migrations east and west carried their language and culture to the mountains of Siberia and plains of Hungary. Over the following centuries, their Corded Ware/Bell Beaker successors spread their daughter languages to the frontiers of Europe. As the Aridification Event began to take hold, increasing violence and declining herds drove some steppe tribes to migrate east of the Urals. The move gave rise to the metal-working, chariot-driving, Indo-Iranian-speaking Sintashta culture.

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 3200 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS3200M.jpg

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 2800 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS2800.jpg

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 2100 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS2100.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720335547107/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A15_References.pdf

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Synopsis: The fall of Old Europe and dissolution of the Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture left horse-riding steppe-herders the unchallenged paradigm on the Pontic-Caspian steppe. The introduction of the wagon around 3500 BC enabled their adoption of a fully-nomadic lifestyle, culminating with the complete dominance of the Proto-Indo-European-speaking Yamnaya horizon.

“I will declare the manly deeds of Indra, the first that he achieved, the Thunder-wielder. He slew the Dragon, then disclosed the waters, and cleft the channels of the mountain torrents. He slew the Dragon lying on the mountain: his heavenly bolt of thunder Tvastar fashioned. Like lowing kine in rapid flow descending the waters glided downward to the ocean.” - The Rig-Veda Book 1, Hymn XXXII. Indra

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 4050 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS4050.jpg

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 3200 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS3200.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720335342929/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A14_References.pdf

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SEASON 3 PREMIERE

Synopsis: Despite the generally inhospitable environment, many ancient hunter-gatherers made the Northern Steppe their home. During the 6th and 5th millennia BC, their interactions with successive waves of migrating farmer-herders prompted a new cultural orientation toward the acquisition and control of large herds of cattle. Toward end of the period, the development of horse-riding enabled steppe tribes to invade the wealthy, sophisticated metalworking culture of Old Europe.

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 5800 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS5800.jpg

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 4800 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS4800.jpg

Map of the Pontic-Caspian Steppe c. 4050 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/PCS4050.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720335097086

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A13_References.pdf

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SEASON 2 FINALE

Synopsis: Shulgi and his successors face major challenges to Ur III rule, including Amorite attacks, Sumerian rivals, and a newly-emboldened Shimashki.

“The god Enlil granted to Shu-Sin a long lifespan, a crown and tiara, a scepter of long days, a royal throne, a firm foundation, years of abundance,

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2060BC.jpg

Map of the

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2028BC.jpg

Map of the

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2000BC.jpg

Episode

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720332382139/with/55129840383

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A12_References.pdf

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Synopsis: The Proto-Elamite horizon sparked innovation and trade throughout Iran and Central Asia, and its collapse saw the emergence of numerous “secondary states”. Toward the end of the Third Millennium BC, the dominant polity east of the Zagros was the Oxus Civilization.

Map of the Middle Asian Interaction Sphere:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/MAIS.png

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720332227258/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A11_References.pdf

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Synopsis: Ur-Namma unifies Sumer and ejects the Elamites. His son, King Shulgi, designs a new empire and begins a push for Zagros domination.

“The trustworthy shepherd, king, the sword of Sumer, Ur-Namma, the king of the Land, was taken to the …house…he who was beloved by the troops, could not raise his neck anymore. The wise one…lay down; silence descended. As he, who was the vigor of the Land, had fallen, the Land became demolished like a mountain…He passed away in his prime…abandoned, like a broken jar.” – The Death of Ur-Namma

Map of the Near East c. 2112 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2112BC.jpg

Map of the Near East c. 2060 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2060BC.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331669262/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A10_References.pdf

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Synopsis: With the fall of the Old Kingdom, power devolves to the various nomes. The Herakleopolitan House of Khety extends control over most of Egypt before eventually being defeated and deposed by the rival House of Thebes.

“I took care of the towns of Hefat and Hormer in every situation of crisis, when the sky was clouded and the earth was parched and everybody died of hunger. The south came with its people and the north with its children; they brought the finest oil in exchange for the barley that was given to them. The whole of Upper Egypt died of hunger and each individual had reached such a state of hunger that he ate his own children. But I refused to see anyone die of hunger and gave to the north the grain of Upper Egypt. I brought life to the provinces of Nekhen and Edfu, Elephantine and Ombos.” – Tomb Inscription of the Nomarch Ankhtifi

Episode Image: Painted osiride sandstone seated Ka statue of king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. By Prof. Mortel, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=118201367.

Map of Egypt in the First Intermediate Period:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A9_Egypt.png

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331395977

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A9_References.pdf

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[NOTE: This new version features improved audio]

Synopsis: The impacts of the Aridification Event lead to Akkadian collapse. Gudea of Lagash asserts independence and shepherds the south through the aftermath. The brief period of Guti domination is terminated by the

“They placed fetters on (Tirigan’s) hands and put a cloth over his eyes. Utu-Hegal made him lie at Utu’s feet and on his neck he set his foot. Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, he made drink from the cracks in the earth.” – Victory Stele of Utu-Hegal of Uruk

Episode Image: Statue of Gudea, Ensi of Lagash, on display at the British Museum, 2025. My photo.

Map of the Near East c. 2200 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2200BC.jpg

Map of the Near East c. 2112 BC:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/2112BC.jpg

Episode Images:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/75506172@N07/albums/72177720331179161/

References and Further Reading:

https://audio.ancientworldpodcast.com/A8_References.pdf

Please contact [email protected] if

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