This episode features a conversation with urban geographer, Malini Ranganathan, and historian, Juned Shaikh, on the centrality of caste to urbanization in India. Through a focus on 20th century Bombay (now Mumbai) and 21st century Bangalore (now Bengaluru), we explored the symbiotic relationship between caste and capitalism manifest in the political economy of urbanization from the heyday of industrial capitalism to contemporary neoliberalism. We also delved into the continuities between rural and urban caste relations as seen, for instance, in caste networks that remain key to the movement of capital from rural land to real estate. In addition to the centrality of caste in shaping urbanization, we also considered changes to caste wrought by its role within urban processes. The final part of the episode shifted to a discussion of oppositional mobilization among the urban poor, from the upsurge of literary and political activity among Dalits in Bombay and Bangalore in the 1950s-70s to the ongoing pushback against the threat of dispossession and displacement by real estate and finance capital.

Guest bios

Malini Ranganathan, Associate Professor, School of International Service, American University

Juned Shaikh, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Santa Cruz

References

Khumbarwada: a historic potters’ colony now located within Dharavi, Mumbai (Bombay).

OBC: shorthand for Other Backward Classes, a Government of India classification for socially and educationally disadvantaged castes who are beneficiaries of affirmative action. OBCs are distinct from and considered to be relatively more advantaged than the Scheduled Castes, or Dalits, and Scheduled Tribes, or Adivasis, who also benefit from affirmative action.

SC/ST: shorthand for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (see above).

Malini Ranganathan, David Pike, and Sapna Doshi, Corruption Plots: Stories, Ethics, and Publics of the Late Capitalist City (2024)

Malini Ranganathan, “Towards a Political Ecology of Caste and the City” (2022)

Malini Ranganathan, “Caste, racialization and the making of environmental unfreedoms in urban India” (2022)

Juned Shaikh, Outcaste Bombay: City Making and the Politics of the Poor (2021)

Juned Shaikh, “Imaging Caste: Photography, the Housing Question, and the Making of Sociology in Colonial Bombay, 1900-1939 (2014)

Frank Conlon, A Caste in a Changing World: The Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmans, 1700-1935 (1977)

Nikhil Rao, House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 (2012)

C. J. Fuller and Haripriya Narasimhan, Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste (2014)

Ajantha Subramanian, The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India (2019)

K. Balagopal, Probings in the Political Economy of Agrarian Classes and Conflicts (2020)

Sushmita Pati, Properties of Rent: Community, Capital, and Politics in Globalizing Delhi, Cambridge University Press (2022).

Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 (1994)

Priyanka Srivastava, The Well-Being of the Labor Force in Colonial Bombay: Discourses and Practices (2018)

Dana Kornberg, “From Balmikis to Bengalis: The 'Casteification' of Muslims in Delhi's Informal Garbage Economy,” Economic and Political Weekly (2019)

Amita Baviskar, Uncivil City: Ecology,. Equity, and the Commons in Delhi (2020)

Mukul Sharma, Dalit Ecologies: Caste and Environmental Justice (2024)

Liza Weinstein, The Durable Slum: Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai (2014)

Siddalingaiah, A Word With You, World: The Autobiography of a Poet (2013)

Dharavi: a residential area in Mumbai (Bombay) considered one of the world’s largest slums.

Chico Mendes: a Brazilian rubber tapper, trade union leader, and environmentalist who fought to preserve the Amazon rainforest and advocated for the human rights of Brazilian peasants and Indigenous people.

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