If/Then

What’s one of the most powerful forces behind technological breakthroughs, business strategy, and job creation? The tax code.

Rebecca Lester, an associate professor of accounting and one of three inaugural Botha-Chan Faculty Scholars at Stanford Graduate School of Business, studies how subtle tax incentives can trigger monumental business decisions, determining how companies invest, grow, and innovate.

These incentives don’t just shape corporate strategy — they ripple across industries, economies, and markets. From advancing clean energy to catalyzing global competition, you might think of tax policy as a blueprint for the future. The big question: how to do it right.  

Have tax incentives led you to make a personal or professional decision? Tell us more at [email protected].

This conversation was recorded on November 5, 2024.

Related Content:

• Rebecca Lester faculty profile
• American Innovation Got Slammed by the “Temporary” End of a Key Tax Incentive
• Why Some Countries Want Companies to Think Inside the “Innovation Box”
• Tax Cuts in the UK Gave an Unexpected Boost to African Economies

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. Each episode features an interview with a Stanford GSB faculty member.

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The pen may be mightier than the sword — but the dollar beats them both. Economic leverage has long shaped the world order, and today global powers use financial networks, trade policies, and sanctions as tools of persuasion — or coercion. 

In this episode, Matteo Maggiori, the Moghadam Family Professor of Finance at Stanford Graduate School of Business, outlines why he believes the U.S. dollar remains the world’s financial backbone, why China wants to create an alternative, and how global financial networks serve as both tools of economic statecraft and sources of financial instability in an increasingly multipolar world.

This episode features Paula Findlen, the Ubaldo Pierotti Professor of History at Stanford University. 

How do you feel about a future where the buck no longer stops with the U.S.?? Email us at [email protected]. 

This conversation was recorded on September 5, 2024.

Related Content:

• Matteo Maggiori faculty profile
• “Geoeconomics” Explains How Countries Flex Their Financial Muscles
• Quick Study: China’s Plan to Challenge the Dollar
• Inside China’s Long March Toward Challenging the Dollar

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. Each episode features an interview with a Stanford GSB faculty member.

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

“The ultimate price of a bad system falls on the public,” says Anat Admati, the George G.C. Parker Professor of Finance and Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business and author of The Bankers’ New Clothes. “The Constitution did a lot to constrain the government, but the government has failed to constrain institutions in the private sector.” Simply put, Admati says the real problem isn’t just profit-hungry corporations, it’s the systems that let bad actors get away with it. From the opioid crisis and Boeing’s deadly 737 MAX disasters to the 2008 financial crash, Admati identifies how U.S. institutions failed — and shares the “incredibly sobering” realization that shattered her faith in the rules and those who make them.  

This episode features Dominic Cruz and Maya Kesselman Cruz, who perform in the live circus show "Dear San Francisco” at Club Fugazi.

How do you think we can restore trust in business, government, and society? Email us at [email protected]. 

This conversation was recorded on August 20, 2024.

Related Links

• Anat Admati faculty profile
• The Bankers’ New Clothes: What’s Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It
• No Rules, No Trust: How Accountability Shapes Communication
• Are Businesses Undermining Democracy?
• "Dear San Francisco" at Club Fugazi

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. Each episode features an interview with a Stanford GSB faculty member.

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Is burnout simply the cost of doing business? What responsibility do employers have for the health and well-being of their workers? Jeffrey Pfeffer, the Thomas D. Dee II Professor of Organizational Behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business and author of Dying for a Paycheck and 7 Rules of Power, says that the connection between workplace stress and negative health outcomes is as strong as the link between smoking and cancer — and may contribute to as many as 120,000 deaths annually in the U.S. alone.

So what do we do about it? 

Pfeffer’s answer isn’t just surprising — it’s a radical critique of the way we work today.

This episode features Sundance Scardino, a retired para-rescue specialist, firefighter, and paramedic.

Is it time to rethink the way we work? Email us at [email protected]. 

This conversation was recorded on September 10, 2024.

Related Links:

• Jeffrey Pfeffer faculty profile
• “The Workplace Is Killing People and Nobody Cares”
• “We Have 30 Extra Years”: A New Way of Thinking About Aging
• Why “Copycat” Layoffs Won’t Help Tech Companies — Or Their Employees

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. Each episode features an interview with a Stanford GSB faculty member.

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Can the workplace be as harmful as smoking? Is it possible for governments and corporations to rebuild trust once they’ve lost it? How are nations wielding financial power to shape global politics? On Season Two of If/Then, Stanford Graduate School of Business faculty tackle big questions about business, leadership, and society, providing innovative, research-based insights to help you navigate rapidly changing times.

Join your host, senior editor Kevin Cool, for conversations that will challenge the way you lead, think, and act. 

New episodes on Wednesdays, starting February 5th. 

Thoughts? Email us at [email protected]. More information is available on our website.

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.

Jensen Huang, co-founder and CEO of NVIDIA, believes leadership is about more than making decisions—it’s about empowering others to reason through ambiguity and drive transformative change. In this bonus episode of If/Then, Huang sits down with Stanford GSB student Shantam Jain, MBA ’24, on Stanford GSB’s View From The Top podcast, to discuss his journey from an ambitious engineer to the leader of one of the most innovative companies in the world. 

Huang reflects on the lessons learned during pivotal moments in NVIDIA’s history, from betting on 3D graphics before the market existed to embracing the potential of AI and accelerated computing. “You can’t create change by doing what everyone else is doing,” Huang explains. “You have to go back to first principles and ask: how would you build this today?” 

Despite navigating industry disruptions and financial crises, Huang remains focused on the future. He shares how NVIDIA has consistently stayed ahead by building technology that not only solves today’s problems but anticipates the needs of tomorrow. As this episode reveals, it’s not just about technological breakthroughs—it’s about cultivating a culture of resilience and purpose to redefine the future.

For a full transcript of this episode, visit our podcast’s website. 

More Resources:

• View From The Top: The Podcast | Stanford GSB
• Jensen Huang on How to Use First-Principles Thinking to Drive Decisions | Stanford GSB

Chapters: 

(00:00:00) Introduction

Kevin Cool introduces a bonus episode from the View From The Top podcast featuring CEO and founder of NVIDIA, Jensen Huang.

(00:01:39) Early Career and Founding NVIDIA

Huang reflects on his journey from LSI Logic to co-founding NVIDIA.

(00:04:56) Securing Early Investments

Convincing Silicon Valley investors to back NVIDIA in a non-existent market.

(00:08:31) Pivoting in the Face of Failure

The critical decisions and resets that saved NVIDIA during challenges.

(00:16:24) Call That Changed Everything

The pivotal phone call that led to a shift in NVIDIA's innovation focus.

(00:19:21) Finding Conviction 

The balance of core beliefs and early indicators of future success.

(00:26:45) Weathering Market Downturns

Staying focused on unchanging principles to weather external challenges.

(00:31:36) Creating a Flat Organization

Empowering employees by sharing context and reasoning transparently.

(00:38:13) The Future of Generative AI

Generative AI’s potential to redefine computing and communication

(00:45:38) Building Organizations for Tomorrow

Designing adaptable, future-focused organizations from first principles.

(00:48:22) Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

Challenges NVIDIA faces, and the innovations Huang is most excited about.

(00:51:33) Pace and Regulation of AI Development

The need for regulatory measures alongside rapid technological advancements.

(00:55:35) Rapid-Fire Insights and Final Advice

Personal reflections, leadership advice, and hopes for NVIDIA’s legacy.

(00:57:21) Conclusion

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Behind every lesson lies a journey of discovery. In this special episode of If/Then, we step into the classrooms of Stanford Graduate School of Business to uncover the human stories driving extraordinary insights. Christian Wheeler, professor of marketing at Stanford GSB, challenges our fear of failure, reframing it as the sharp edge where growth truly happens. “Be comfortable being uncomfortable,” he says, urging leaders to embrace the anxiety of pushing limits to unlock their peak potential.

Michele Gelfand, a professor of organizational behavior, takes us into the intricate world of cultural intelligence. “Negotiating across cultures isn’t just about competence—it’s about curiosity,” she explains, showing how understanding diverse perspectives can transform deadlock into breakthrough.

And Jesper Sørensen, professor of organizational behavior, redefines what it means to lead. “Strategy isn’t a blueprint; it’s a living process,” he reflects, advocating for leaders to connect the dots, not just assign tasks, and to see uncertainty as a gateway to discovery.

These faculty members remind us that leadership is as much about understanding ourselves as it is about guiding others. Whether it's failure, negotiation, or strategy, this episode showcases how curiosity and humanity are integral to leadership.

Key Takeaways:

• Strategy is dynamic, not static: Leaders must explain the "why" to align their teams.
• Fear of failure can hinder growth: Growth requires embracing discomfort and using storytelling to connect and lead.
• Metaphors as tool for negotiation: Use metaphors to guide your goals and assess your success in the negotiation process. 

More Resources:

• Christian Wheeler, faculty profile
• Jesper Sørensen, faculty profile
• Michele Gelfand, faculty profile
• Class Takeaways

This episode of If/Then uses previously recorded audio and is repackaged in a new way. It features faculty talking about their research and the goal is to share more about faculty, while also keeping the If/Then podcast feed producing thought-provoking, research-backed content for our audiences. 

Chapters: 

(00:00:00) Introduction

Kevin Cool introduces the episode featuring clips from the Class Takeaways series.

(00:00:55) Embracing Failure

Professor Christian Wheeler discusses how embracing failure can lead to growth.

(00:03:55) Strategy as a Dynamic Process

Professor Jesper Sørensen redefines strategy as an evolving course of action, not a static plan.

(00:08:00) Cultural Intelligence in Negotiation

Professor Michele Gelfand explains how cultural intelligence is key to negotiation.

(00:12:31) Conclusion

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As leaders rise and hierarchies shift, Stanford GSB organizational behavior professor Deborah Gruenfeld, guest in season one of If/Then, reminds us that power is not just about authority—it’s about presence. In this special feed drop from Pfeffer on Power, Gruenfeld, author of Acting With Power, revisits topics featured in her If/Then episode, exploring how body language and mindset can shape perceptions of influence. “We’re all playing roles,” she explains, whether as CEOs, professors, or professionals navigating high-stakes environments. The key, she says, lies in mastering both "inside-out" techniques—such as reframing internal narratives—and "outside-in" strategies, like commanding physical space to exude confidence.

Host Jeffrey Pfeffer, professor of organizational behavior at the GSB, and Gruenfeld discuss how power dynamics transcend culture and context, offering universal lessons for anyone looking to lead with impact. “Don’t leave power to the bad guys,” Gruenfeld advises, urging listeners to embrace their own potential for influence. This episode provides actionable insights to help you show up powerfully in any room, especially when the stakes are high. As the conversation unfolds, Pfeffer and Gruenfeld challenge us to think differently about power—not as a privilege, but as a responsibility to shape better outcomes for ourselves and others.

Jeffrey Pfeffer will be a guest on the second season of If/Then. 

Pfeffer on Power is Produced by University FM. For a full transcript of this episode, visit the Pfeffer on Power’s website.

More Resources:

• Deborah Gruenfeld, faculty profile
• Deborah’s Book: Acting with Power 
• Pfeffer on Power 

Chapters: 

(00:00:00) Introduction

Host Jeffrey Pfeffer introduces guest Professor Deborah Gruenfeld from Stanford GSB.

(00:01:45) First Impressions and Body Language

How people make snap judgments based on appearance and nonverbal cues.

(00:03:25) Change How You Show Up

The possibility of reframing behavior to project more confidence and authority.

(00:06:33) Showing Up with Power

Two approaches for appearing more authoritative and powerful.

(00:08:53) Inside-Out Power

Reframing internal narratives to project power, even in moments of insecurity.

(00:11:32) Outside-In Power

Techniques for using body language to command authority.

(00:14:00) Physical and Social Dynamics

How occupying space communicates dominance and influence.

(00:17:06) Unconscious Reactions to Power 

Whether power dynamics are consistent across cultures and time.

(00:20:32) Ambivalence Toward Power

Why some individuals are reluctant to embrace power.

(00:24:47) Ethical Leaders in Power

The importance of ethical individuals embracing power to prevent its misuse by others.

(00:28:14) Conclusion

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In this episode of If/Then, we're diving into insights from three GSB experts featured on Think Fast, Talk Smart. Join us as professor of organizational behavior Michele Gelfand explains her "tight and loose" cultural framework, revealing how societal structures impact everything from crime rates to creativity. We also hear from marketing professor Jonathan Levav, who explores decision fatigue in judicial settings, shedding light on how mental depletion influences choices. Finally, marketing professor Szu-chi Huang discusses the role of motivation and emotionality in decision-making, drawing from her experiences in advertising and academia. Together, these discussions provide a multifaceted view of the elements influencing our choices and interactions.

Key Takeaways:

• Switch between “tight” and “loose” mindsets: Individuals can code switch between “tight” and “loose” mindsets depending on the setting. You can shape your environment to help promote certain mindsets.
• Take mental breaks: Decision fatigue causes individuals to make the easier decision, not necessarily better ones. Taking breaks can help replenish your mental energy to think through decisions properly.
• Target your audience’s emotional needs: Emotion drives decision making. Messaging that meets emotional needs is more impactful.

More Resources:

• Michele Gelfand, faculty profile
• Jonathan Levav, faculty profile
• Szu-chi Huang, faculty profile
• Think Fast Talk Smart 

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. For a full transcript of this episode, visit our podcast’s website.

Chapters: 

(00:00:00) Introduction

Kevin Cool introduces the episode featuring GSB faculty discussing their research on the Think Fast, Talk Smart podcast.

(00:00:35) Cultural Tightness vs. Looseness

The benefits of "tight" versus "loose" culture.

(00:03:47) Adjusting to Different Cultural Norms

Whether individuals can adapt to cultural tightness or looseness.

(00:05:24) Decision Fatigue in Court Settings

A study on how decision fatigue affects parole rulings over time.

(00:07:29) Communication to Combat Decision Fatigue

Insights into overcoming decision fatigue and enhancing communication.

(00:09:48) The Roots of Motivation

The transition from advertising to studying motivation in academia.

(00:11:13) Needs and Emotions in Decision-Making

The influence of needs and emotions in effective decision-making.

(00:13:43) Conclusion

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Artificial intelligence could fundamentally transform democracy for better or worse. In this bonus episode of If/Then: Business, Leadership, Society, Professor Andrew B. Hall of Stanford Graduate School of Business explores AI's potential to disrupt our electoral system. With the 2024 presidential election approaching, Hall warns that AI-generated misinformation could sway voters and erode trust in democratic processes. Yet he also sees AI's potential to solve political challenges. If we want to maintain a healthy democracy, then it’s crucial to understand AI's impact on our political landscape in the upcoming election and beyond.

Key Takeaways:

• AI's potential for misinformation: Professor Hall warns that AI-generated content misinform voters, potentially influencing election outcomes.
• Threat to democratic integrity: The possibility of AI-driven misinformation could erode trust in the fairness and integrity of democratic processes, leading to decreased acceptance of election outcomes.
• AI's dual nature in politics: While AI poses significant risks, Hall also thinks it could provide solutions to existing political problems, suggesting it will have a complex, double-edged impact on democracy.

More Resources:

• Andrew Hall, faculty profile
• White Paper: Preparing for Generative AI in the 2024 Election: Recommendations and Best Practices Based on Academic Research, By Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, Brandice Canes-Wrone, Andrew B. Hall, Kristian Lum, Gregory J. Martin, Yamil Ricardo Velez, Stanford Graduate School of Business and the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, November 2023

If/Then is a podcast from Stanford Graduate School of Business that examines research findings that can help us navigate the complex issues we face in business, leadership, and society. For a full transcript of this episode, visit our podcast’s website.

See Privacy Policy at https://art19.com/privacy and California Privacy Notice at https://art19.com/privacy#do-not-sell-my-info.