Heard of Scope 4? Us neither. If you thought Scope 3 emissions are hard to count and reduce then Scope 4 lifts the ambition yet again. Scope 4 or so-called avoided emissions ask businesses to create products that replace dirty ones and thereby avoid emissions – think renewables replacing gas or bioplastic replacing PETs. To explain Scope 4, Vincent spoke with Dr Jodi York the chair of the impact committee for the Climate Venture Capital Fund and the head of impact at Melbourne-based Kilara Capital.

Declaration of interest : Vincent works for the Climate VC Fund. It has just published its first annual report and impact reports.