Simply Put

The dollar has been the de facto global currency since World War II, pulling foreign investment into the US and allowing the federal government to borrow cheaply. A strong dollar also makes export-driven domestic industries less competitive, something the Trump administration is trying to offset through tariffs. A rumored “Mar-a-Lago Accord” would attempt to maintain the benefits of cheap borrowing while weakening the dollar. In this episode, we talk with Benn Steil, Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations, about the history behind the dollarization of global finance, the economic tradeoffs of sustained dollar strength, and how new policies could upend the dollar’s role in the post-war financial system.

The typical automobile manufactured in North America crosses national borders at least six times before it’s ready to be sold. Tariffs are expected to increase US auto prices by thousands of dollars as companies establish new supply chains and onshore manufacturing with higher production costs. In this episode, we talk with Jonathan Smoke, Chief Economist with Cox Automotive, about the complexity of auto manufacturing supply chains, tariffs’ impacts on prices and employment in the auto sector, and the outlook for a less globally integrated auto industry.

The Fed has been able to dismiss the economic risks from deteriorating sentiment by emphasizing the steady unemployment rate and decent job growth over the last seven months. The labor market’s surprising resilience over the last few years will now be tested by tariff-induced production changes, federal workforce layoffs, cuts to federal spending, and tighter immigration enforcement. In this episode, we talk with Guy Berger, Director of Economic Research at the Burning Glass Institute, about the risks from a low-churn labor market, how employers are shifting hiring plans amidst new federal policies, and whether the labor market can smoothly adjust to coming policy shocks.

President Trump’s latest tariff announcements have thrown global financial markets into a frenzy and increased the uncertainty for the US economic outlook. In this special edition of Simply Put, we talk with Amit Khandelwal, Professor of Global Affairs and Economics at Yale University, about the arguments for and against tariffs, how the 2018 tariffs affected the economy, and what the impacts could be of this year’s much broader and deeper tariff policies.

This year’s budget reconciliation bill has the potential to dramatically alter the fiscal relationship between states and the federal government. Some policymakers have proposed repealing the municipal tax exemption that has been at the heart of state financing for over a century. Others have suggested cutting federal spending by shifting the burden for certain outlays to state and local governments. In this episode, we talk with Emily Brock, Director of the Federal Liaison Center at the Government Finance Officers Association, about the critical role the muni tax exemption plays in local infrastructure investment, how states are adjusting to possible spending cuts from the federal government, and how the municipal bond market is responding amidst the policy uncertainty.

Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been significant actors in the housing market for nearly a century. Ever since market distress pushed Fannie and Freddie into conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Authority in 2008, policymakers have sought to transition the firms back into more privatized roles. Reform discussions have accelerated after the November elections, but any massive changes would have to be judicious and likely require bipartisan support. In this episode, we interview Walt Schmidt, Manager of Mortgage Strategies with FHN Financial, about the history of GSEs in the housing market, potential reforms in the coming years, and what these changes would mean for the MBS market.

The pandemic fiscal response supported a much faster recovery in the US than after the financial crisis, but price levels and the federal deficit surged. Households and businesses, tired of high interest rates and cumulative price increases, must now contend with a tariff regime that aims to improve US competitiveness abroad at the risk of higher consumer prices. The Fed meanwhile is trying to restore price stability and preserve the recovery, unsure how much its rate policy is channeling into the economy. In this episode, we talk with journalist Matt Klein, creator of “The Overshoot” newsletter and co-author of the book Trade Wars are Class Wars, about the political appetite for future fiscal stimulus, tariffs’ effectiveness at improving global trade imbalances, and Fed policy in the post-pandemic economy. This interview was recorded live at the City Club of San Francisco on February 12.

Wildfires swept through parts of southern California last month, causing indescribable human suffering and property destruction. The rising frequency and magnitude of these events, along with the unintended consequences of some well-intentioned regulations, are also placing unique pressure on the insurance market. In this episode, we talk with Matt Palazola, Senior Analyst for Property and Casualty Insurance with Bloomberg Intelligence, about the size of the wildfires’ insured losses, the risk of financial contagion, and how the insurance industry could change moving forward.

Over the last few years, the technological promise of artificial intelligence (AI) has propelled stock market gains, driven fears of widespread labor market displacement, and helped turn microchip production into a matter of national security. Generative AI models are still in their infancy, but investors and economists are already debating whether its impact will rival that of electricity or the steam engine. There are nonetheless numerous hurdles to overcome before it becomes dispersed throughout the entire economy. In this episode, we talk with Will Rinehart, Resident Senior Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute’s Center for Technology, Science, and Energy, about the trajectory of AI development, its likelihood of becoming a generational disruptive technology, and how it could help narrow the federal deficit. 

The US Treasury has once again started to use “extraordinary measures” to honor its debt service obligations and avoid breaching the debt ceiling. With these measures expected to run out sometime this summer, any efforts to increase or suspend the debt ceiling will run concurrently with Republican priorities to renew tax cuts and cut government spending. President Trump has voiced support in eliminating the debt ceiling altogether, creating the possibility of a bipartisan agreement that would remove this frequent source of anxiety for financial markets. In this episode, we talk with Nathan Dean, Senior Policy Analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence, about the limits the debt ceiling imposes on fiscal policy, its impact on financial markets, and how policymakers are approaching it in the year ahead.