This Week in Parasitism

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiP Masters solve the case of the Australian Wildlife Carer, and review evidence that nodding syndrome may be caused by an autoimmune reaction to the parasitic worm that causes river blindness.

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• Nodding syndrome an autoimmune disease? (Sci Transl Med)
• Nodding syndrome: Preventable and treatable (Sci Transl Med)
• River Blindness lyrics (Google Play)
• Image credit
• Letters read on TWiP 129

This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what's on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free with your first purchase - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip.

Young male in 30s, presents to ER with male partner, NY area, chief complaint over 1 month significant diarrhea, watery, non bloody. Abdominal cramping. Feels poorly, low energy, fever. Some vomiting, lost noticeable amount of weight, can't stay hydrated. Past: AIDS positive, not on meds, last CD4

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Music by Ronald Jenkees

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPerati solve the case of the Man Who Sat in Feces, and discuss a study on how Dickson's favorite parasite induces the formation of a collagen capsule.

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• Induction of collagen synthesis by Trichinella (Vet Parasitol)
• Letters read on TWiP 128

This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what's on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free with your first purchase - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip.

Daniel doesn't expect anyone to get this. From Australia, 80 yo retired teacher from Atherton, northheast Australia, presents to clinic with generalized weakness, concern of chronic lyme or Q fever. Seen by neurologist, concern about motor neuron disease. 18 months of illness, insidious onset of limb (arms and legs) weakness. No issues with speaking, swallowing or breathing; no weight loss; no fever, sweat, chill. History of osteoarthritis, joint replacements; myocarditis; vertigo; allergic to pen and dox. Father, rhematoid arthritis, brother colon cancer. On a number of medications. Does extensive travel, when not traveling, is a volunteer carer in Australia (abandoned wildlife), over the past three years. Lives with husband. Marsupials, hand feeds puggles and juvenile spiny anteaters, has pet cockatoo. No history of polio, HIV negative. Neuro exam: diffuse non tender muscle with no rash. Normal upper and lower limb tone, strength is symmetrically reduced proximally. Reflexes good at knees, normal sensation to all modalities. Normal cranial nerve exam. Test results: has eosinophilia, elevated muscle enzymes, EMG shows myopathic changes, nerve conduction normal. Stop statin therapy, no change. This is a rare parasite.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Music by Ronald Jenkees

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPsters solve the case of the Peace Corps Volunteer with a Liver Lesion, and discuss the dependence of Leishmania survival on the gut microbiome of the sandfly.

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• Leishmania depends on sandfly gut microbiome (mBio)
• Kava (Wikipedia)
• Letters read on TWiP 127

This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what's on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free with your first purchase - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip.

The last of our trio for the Peace Corp, an eosinophilia case. 29 yo pc volunteer in Rwanda, male, 3 weeks of feeling poorly. Starts with rash on lower back and upper legs, maculopapular rash. Fatigue later, cough, then diarrhea, 51% eosinophils (9000). No significant exposure to fresh water. Stool sent for oandp. Said sat down and got something on behind, realized later was feces, this was where rash developed. OandP seeing larva in stool. HIV neg, no med issue, no surgeries, no Kava.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiP Trinity solve the case of the Peace Corps volunteer with diarrhea, and reveal how immunizing against a virus ameliorates exacerbated leishmaniasis.

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• Viral vaccine prevents exacerbated leishmaniasis (PLoS NTD)
• For whom the trich tolls (TWiP 47)
• A virus in a parasite in a human (virology blog)
• Virologists in the mist (TWiV 128)
• Letters read on TWiP 126

This episode is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what's on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip.

Another Peace Corps volunteer in Fiji. 24 yo male, several days of fever, headache, dry cough, rash. Feels poorly, starts diarrhea. No blood or mucus, no vomiting but abdominal discomfort. Heart rate over 100. At private nearby hospital for evaluation: no prior med probs or surgeries. Social history: MSM, not always protected, drinks every weekend. Home blown away by cyclone. Alcohol: drinks beer, a lot. White rice, split peas, bread diet. Fan of cava, also drank unfiltered water. He is admitted, continues to feel poorly. Continued fevers, localized abdominal pain RUQ. On exam he has tender palpable liver, elevated WBC 17.8, eosinopenia, 0 cells. AST/ALT slightly above normal. Dengue, chick, lepto, blood all negative. Ultrasound of liver: shows 8x8 cm mixed echogenic lesion in right lobe. HIV negative.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPonderers solve the case of the Timber Worker with Severe Shaking Chills, and describe an experimental malaria vaccine comprising attenuated sporozoites produced by genetic engineering.

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• Genetically engineered P. falciparum sporozoite vaccine (Sci Transl Med)
• Parasitology Superhero: Francesco Redi
• Image credit: Betsy Weissbrod
• Letters read on TWiP 125

This episode of TWiP is brought to you by Blue Apron. Blue Apron is the #1 fresh ingredient and recipe delivery service in the country. See what's on the menu this week and get your first 3 meals free - WITH FREE SHIPPING - by going to blueapron.com/twip.

Thanks to the Peace Corps - 24 yo female serving in Cameroon, teaching English and science at local school. Been in country 5 months, first 3 lived with host family, now in own home in community with electricity, 12 hr from Yaounde, capital. Reports intermittent diarrhea, loose stools, abdominal discomfort. No prior problems, no problems in family. No meds. No drinking or smoking. Lots of animals present, roam into class. Eating all local fare, cooks some, or buy locally. Eats fish, vegetables, no fish. Sleeps in house with mosquito nets. Not sexually active, AIDS negative. Young kids at school 6-12 yo, 20 in room. Does not eat at school. Not clear if water is treated. Not on antimalarials. Going on for a few a few weeks. No fever, no rash.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The prolific podcast-shedding Hosts solve the case of the Global Health Intern with a snakelike lesion on her foot, and reveal the role of a single-stranded DNA binding protein in differentiation of trypanosomes.

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• RPA protein and differentiation of T. cruzi (PLoS NTD)
• Image credit
• Letters read on TWiP 124

28 yo male from referral hospital near thai-burma border. Fever and chills 2 days, feels poorly, small amount of dark urine. Severe shaking chills, 1x per day, no rash. No diarrhea, difficulty breathing. Seen by local health care volunteer, went to hospital then tertiary hospital in Bangkok. Exposure history to pigs, dogs, insects, etc. Involved in timber industry and farming, sleeping out at night with no cover, clothes and sandals. No meds. Not married, family lives with him. Family is fine. Sleep in dwelling but no screens. No toxic habits, HIV negative, sexually active but not brothels. High fever, low bp, rapid heart rate, breathing rapidly, scleral icterus, dry mucus membranes, neck supple, lungs clear. 2/6 systolic murmur. Abdomen soft but tender, enlarged liver and spleen. Many cuts, bruises, bug bites. Labs: low platelets, low hematocrit, low glucose. Blood smear: abnormal, 5-10% infected RBCs with multiple band forms.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPanorama solve the case of the Dutch Woman with Wormy Objects in Her Stool, dissect a study on cytoadhesion of malaria infected red blood cells, and introduce Parasitology Superheroes.

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• Myiasis (Wikipedia)
• Cytoadhesion of Plasmodium in severe malaria (PLoS Path)
• Image credit
• Letters read on TWiP 123

This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month, and for our audience, the first two months are completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the promo code MICROBE.

Nurse in early 20s, recent grad, decides to spend year in global health internship in western DR/Haitian border. On her foot has skin issue: told is fungal infection, using antifungal cream, is getting worse. Several days, only on one foot. Healthy, no past med/surg/allergies, no meds, no HIV, lives with local family. Daughter, wife, husband, cat. No toxic habits. Originally from US, swims, walks barefoot to and from, shoes off in house. Easts local food, exposure to dogs, cats, sister. Very itchy, but not open; rash area is raised. Blistery in certain areas, involves different areas in different days, snakelike.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPniks docs solve the case of the Female from Peru with Epistaxis, and discuss the effect of community deworming on immunosuppression.

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• Community deworming and immune hyporesponsiveness (PNAS)
• Paul C. Beaver (one, two)
• Photo by Oscar Adam Oscarson
• Letters read on TWiP 122

This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month, and for our audience, the first two months are completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the promo code MICROBE.

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Case Study for TWiP 122 First of a series of cases with a theme, a 23 yo female international aid worker, chief complaint of diarrhea. Dutch descent, born in US, been in rural area of western DR, close to Haitian border. It's been raining, houses have tin roofs, other flat concrete, rainwater pours off. Child comes by with mangoes, she buys one, washes it in rain water from the roof. Bites open mango, peels it, eats mango. The same night she is not feeling well, loose stools, abdominal discomfort. Next day, goes with group to border town; then has full fledged diarrhea. Looks into toilet, sees white objects 1 cm in length on stool, and they are moving. Uniform width, thinner than long, wormy looking. Has been participating in other activities in this area, swims in local river, walks barefoot, eating lot of local foods. Lunch: rice, beans, cooked meat, avocado. Dinner, yucca, fried salami, etc. Healthy before, no family history, not on meds, living with one of local families, no toxic habits. Dogs, cats, pigs, chickens around. One month earlier, cat in family home had kittens, she played with them. Very excited about that. Local physician contacted, he treats her.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiPanosome docs solve the case of the Mali Man with Profuse Diarrhea, and review the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in vectors, canids, and humans along the Texas-Mexico border.

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• T. cruzi in vectors, canids, humans at Mexican border (PLoS NTD)
• Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Wikipedia)
• T. cruzi in US (Clin Micro Rev)
• Image credit
• Letters read on TWiP 121

This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month, and for our audience, the first two months are completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the promo code MICROBE.

Back to Peru. 55 yo female from highland central valley area near Cuzco. Works in farming, no prior skin lesions but has multiple hypopigmented scars on exposed extremities (trauma during working), now reports many years of bloody nasal discharge. Seen in Lima by Daniel in outpatient clinic. No other medical problems, no surgeries, no allergies, everyone in family fine, husband and kids. Still working. No travel except to see doctor. Exam in right nare: ulcerated lesion inside nose, muco-cutaneous lesion. Simple test will decide. No anemia, no fever. Not eosinophilic, labs normal, HIV negative.

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]

Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Dickson Despommier, and Daniel Griffin

The TWiP triumvirate solve the case of the Thai Woman with Facial Swelling, and explain how Th17 T cells protect against the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi.

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• Th17 cells protect against Trypanosoma cruzi (PLoS Path)
• Plasticity of helper CD4+ cells (Science)
• Image credit
• Letters read on TWiP 120

This episode is sponsored by CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming service that offers over 1,400 documentaries and non­fiction series from the world's best filmmakers. Get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month, and for our audience, the first two months are completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/microbe and use the promo code MICROBE.

A 48 yo man from Mali comes to hospital ER in Washington Heights in NY with profuse watery diarrhea. Born in Mali, came to US at 18, working in US as long haul truck driver for 30 y, frequently visits Mali, recently to attend his father's funeral. Got symptoms one week after return (was there for 3 weeks). 3 liters diarrhea/day. No past med/surg history, not seen doctor in long time. No allergies. Unknown what father died of, Mother in Mali is ok. No medications. Some alcohol, marijuana use. Does report that has exposure to professional female sex workers, no condoms. Temp of 39 C, bp down 80/40, heart over 110, rapid breathing high 20s, cachectic. Wasted. Fungating lesion perianally. Undergoes HIV testing, clade B. T cells

Send your case diagnosis, questions and comments to [email protected]