How much do you think about your gut?  Are you taking a probiotic or prebiotic?  If so, you’re not alone as globally we spend billions of dollars on soothing our stomachs.   Our guts do so much more than just digest our food and there’s a very special connection to our brain.   So how exactly does our gut work?  And what do we need to do in order to keep it healthy? Presenter: Tanya Beckett
Producer: Louise Clarke
Researcher: Matt Toulson
Sound engineer: Nicky Edwards Contributors:
Geoff Preidis, a gastroenterologist at Baylor college of medicine at Texas children’s hospital in Houston 
Dr Jane Foster, Professor of Depression Research and Clinical Care at UT Southwestern Medical Center
Martin Ham, Business Development Manager, NIZO
Dr. Gail Hecht is Professor of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, and Gastroenterology and Nutrition (Photo: Man bites in to cheeseburger. Credit: Emanuele Cremaschi/Getty Images)

What’s wrong with our guts?

The Inquiry gets beyond the headlines to explore the trends, forces and ideas shaping the world.

News

The war in Ukraine has reached a pivotal moment.  After months of an apparent stalling on the frontlines, Russia has recently made a series of critical breakthroughs. Now the race is on for Kyiv to get newly approved military aid to the front line before Russian forces attack Ukraine’s second largest city, Kharkiv. The 60 billion dollar bill passed in America’s congress at the end of April allows for Ukraine to push back against Russian forces and prepare to mount an offensive next year. But a gap in the supply of missiles has left Kyiv dangerously exposed and huge questions remain about how Ukraine’s President will act next.  So, on this week’s Inquiry, we’re asking ‘Has US military aid come in time for President Zelensky?’ Contributors: Gustav Gressel, senior policy fellow with the Wider Europe Programme at the European Council on Foreign Relations’ Berlin office. Max Bergmann, Director, Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program and Stuart Center, at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), in the US. Dr Marina Miron, post-doctoral researcher in the War Studies Department and an honorary researcher at the Centre for Military Ethics and the Department of Defence Studies, Kings College, London. Professor Olga Onuch, Professor (Chair) in Comparative and Ukrainian Politics at the University of Manchester, UK. Presenter: Tanya Beckett 
Producer: Lorna Reader
Researcher: Matt Toulson
Production Co-ordinator: Liam Morrey Image credit: Ukrainian Presidential Press Service via Reuters via BBC Images

Has US military aid come in time for President Zelensky?

Last year the US state of Texas introduced a controversial law designed to control the huge number of undocumented migrants crossing its southern border with Mexico.   The law known as Senate Bill 4 or SB4, allows local and state police the power to arrest and charge people with a newly created state crime - ‘illegal entry’.     Immigration law has historically been handled by the federal government.  Crossing the border is a federal crime and addressed by immigration courts that fall under the justice department. Now Texas is embroiled in a legal battle and SB4 has been paused.  But it’s just the latest measure that Texas has taken to stop hundreds of thousands of migrants entering the US on its border.    Back in 2021 the state’s Governor, Greg Abbott launched a multi-billion   dollar border security programme known as Operation Lone Star.   Along with his Republican lawmakers, the Governor’s argument is that Texas has a legal right to defend itself and they allege that Democrat President Joe Biden has failed to secure the US southern border in violation of the law.
But with a Presidential election this November, it remains to be seen if Texas will have a more sympathetic ally in the White House in the future.  So, on this week’s Inquiry, we’re asking ‘Can Texas go it alone on border control?’  Contributors:  Dr. Ernesto Castañeda, Director of the Centre for Latin American and Latino Studies and it’s Immigration Lab, American University, Washington DC, USA  Dr James Henson, Director, Texas Politics Project, Department of Government, The University of Texas at Austin, USA. Denise Gilman, Clinical Professor, Co-Director Immigration Clinic, The University of Texas at Austin, School of Law, USA  Julia Gelatt, Associate Director, US Immigration Policy Programme, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC, USA  Presenter: Charmaine Cozier 
Producer: Jill Collins 
Researcher: Matt Toulson 
Editor: Tara McDermott 
Technical Producer:  Craig Boardman  
Production Co-ordinator:  Liam Morrey (Photo credit: Adam Davis via BBC Images

Can Texas go it alone on border control?

Beyonce has released an album that has gone straight to the top of the country music charts.   The 27 tracks include the work of many collaborators from the world of country music, including Black country artist Linda Martell and Dolly Parton’s 1974 song Jolene. It has been so well received it has become the fastest selling album of the year.   Beyonce is usually known for her pop and RnB. Her success in the country music genre has opened up a wider debate about where country music originates from, who it belongs to and its political associations.   This week on the Inquiry we are asking, who is country ? Contributors:  William Nash, Professor of American Studies and English at Middleburgh College
Francesca Inglese, assistant professor in the Department of Music at Northeastern University
Taylor Crumpton, music critic and culture writer from Dallas, Texas
Charles Hughes, associate professor at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee and co-founder of the No Fences Review Presenter: Tanya Beckett
Producers: Louise Clarke and Lorna Reader
Editor: Tara McDermott
Technical Producer: Cameron Ward
Production Co-ordinator: Liam Morrey Image credit: Reuters

Who is country?

An increasing number of people are dying from misuse of synthetic opioids. In 2022, the US recorded over 70,000 overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids.  The government is spending billions to combat the effects of these super strength drugs.
Synthetic opioids, such as Fentanyl, are made in laboratories by using materials derived from the opium poppy. China is a major hub for the production of synthetic opioids, where it then makes its way to North America through Mexican drug cartels.  The lab-made drugs can be more deadly than the natural materials, but they are more easily accessible, and prevalence is rising across the world. In West Africa and the Middle East, tramadol is one of the most consumed synthetic drugs. The rise of synthetic opioids in the European market, which are being used as a substitute for a heroin shortage, is fuelling concern that these substances could lead to a rise in drug-related deaths.  This week on The Inquiry, we’re asking are synthetic opioids a global problem? Contributors 
Ric Treble, Forensic chemist and advisor to the Government’s Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
Dr Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Ben Westhoff, author of Fentanyl, Inc and investigative journalist
Dr Vanda Felbab-Brown is a senior fellow in the Strobe Talbott Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings Institution Production team
Presenter: Charmaine Cozier
Producers: Vicky Carter and Matt Toulson 
Researcher: Ajai Singh
Editor: Tara McDermott 
Technical Producer: Cameron Ward
Production Co-ordinator: Liam Morrey Image credit: mikroman6 via Getty Images

Are synthetic opioids a global problem?

Six months into Israel’s war in Gaza and with no sign of a ceasefire or breakthrough in securing the release of the 130 hostages, as  yet unaccounted for, pressure is mounting on Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.  There have been widespread protests in Tel Aviv and across Israel.  There have been calls both from home and abroad for an early election to be called.   And Israel’s greatest ally, the United States has sharpened its rhetoric in the past few weeks over Israel’s conduct of the war, with President Biden now saying that he believes Benjamin Netanyahu is making ‘a mistake’ in his handling of it.  For his part, the Israeli Prime Minister looks set to continue with his military offensive and has shown no indication so far that he is willing to step down or call an early election.   So, on this week’s Inquiry, we’re asking ‘How secure is Benjamin Netanyahu’s leadership?’ Contributors: 
Professor David Tal, the Yossi Harel Chair in Modern Israel Studies, University of Sussex, UK 
Natan Sachs, Director of the Centre for Middle East Policy,  The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, USA 
Aaron David Miller, Senior Fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,  Washington DC, USA 
Professor Tamar Hermann,  Senior Research Fellow, The Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem Presenter:  Tanya Beckett 
Producer:  Jill Collins 
Editor:  Tara McDermott 
Technical Producer:  Cameron Ward 
Production Co-ordinator:  Liam Morrey Image credit: Reuters via BBC Images

What’s wrong with our guts?

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