Dairy cow fertility, a focal point for genetic selection within the dairy industry, hinges on establishing pregnancy soon after calving. This complex process involves heritable factors like uterus involution, estrous cycles, and ovulation. Different dairy systems employ varying reproductive management practices, from natural estrus detection to hormonal treatments and timed artificial insemination (AI). Through targeted genetic selection, the goal is to minimize ‘days open’ (time between calving and conception), thereby boosting reproductive efficiency and herd health. As the industry evolves, understanding the genetic basis of fertility components is crucial to ensuring cows perform well across diverse management setups, enhancing overall productivity and profitability in dairy herds.

https://www.thebullvine.com/genetics/maximizing-dairy-cow-fertility-through-genetic-selection-current-strategies-and-future-directions/