Huberman Lab

In this episode, I interview Dr. Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Neurology & Neurosurgery at Stanford University. We discuss stress, what defines short-term versus long-term stress, and how stress can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context. We also discuss stress mitigation and how our sense of control over stress mitigation techniques, including exercise, determine health outcomes. Dr. Sapolsky explains some of the key effects of the hormone testosterone — how it can amplify pre-existing tendencies for aggression or sexual behavior, but that it does not produce those behaviors per se. He also explains how testosterone impacts our social hierarchies, sense of confidence, and willingness to embrace challenges of different kinds. He also explains how our behaviors and perceptions shape testosterone levels. And we discuss estrogen and the powerful role it plays in brain development, health and longevity. Finally, we discuss free will, what it means to have free will, and if we have any free will, including how knowledge alone might allow us to make better decisions for ourselves and society. 

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Introduction: Dr. Robert Sapolsky  

00:02:25 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:06:30 Stress: Short & Long-Term, Good & Bad  

00:09:11 Valence & Amygdala  

00:11:00 Testosterone: Common Myths vs. Actual Truths  

00:15:15 Behaviors that Affect Testosterone  

00:17:20 Mindsets & Contexts that Affect Testosterone  

00:20:28 How Finger Length Ratios Reflect Prenatal Hormone Levels  

00:22:30 Aggression: Male-Female, Female-Male, & Female-Female  

00:24:05 Testosterone: The Challenge Hypothesis  

00:29:20 How Dopamine Impacts Testosterone & Motivation  

00:32:32 Estrogen: Improves Brain & Longevity BUT TIMING IS KEY  

00:39:40 Are Testosterone & Sperm Counts in Males Really Dropping?  

00:42:15 Stress Mitigation & Our Sense of Control  

00:51:35 How Best to Buffer Stress  

00:57:04 Power of Perception, Choice & Individual Differences  

01:00:32 Context-Setting, Prefrontal Cortex & Hierarchy  

01:11:20 How Dr. Sapolsky Accomplishes Deep Thinking  

01:13:17 Do We Have Free Will?  

01:20:50 How to Apply Knowledge & Learning  

01:23:44 Robert’s New Book: “Determined: The Science of Life Without Free Will”  

01:28:27 Reflections, Support of Podcast, & Supporting Stress Research  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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This episode, I explain what major depression is at the biological and psychological level and the various treatments that peer-reviewed studies have revealed can help prevent and treat depression. I explain the three major chemical systems that are altered in depression: norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. I discuss genetic predispositions to depression and how stress, thyroid hormone and cortisol play a role in many forms of depression. I also discuss inflammation as a common feature of many depression symptoms. I review 8 specific science-supported protocols for treating and avoiding depression, including EPA fatty acids (which have been shown to rival certain prescription treatments), how exercise protects against depression, studies of creatine, adjusting dopamine balance and more. I also discuss the results of ongoing clinical trials for ketamine and psilocybin for depression, how these compounds work and finally, I review how ketogenic diets can help in certain cases of depression, especially treatment-resistant major depression.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Mood Disorders & Maintaining Mental Health (Protocol 1)  

00:07:25 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:11:15 Major Depression  

00:18:40 “Anti-Self” Confabulation  

00:21:42 Autonomic (Vegetative) Symptoms of Depression  

00:26:58 Norepinephrine, Dopamine & Serotonin  

00:31:50 SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, etc.): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors  

00:37:00 Epinephrine/Motor Functions, Dopamine/Motivation & Craving, Serotonin/Emotions  

00:39:33 Physical & Emotional Pain are Linked: Substance P  

00:41:50 Hormones & Depression: Thyroid & Cortisol  

00:46:50 Genetic Susceptibility to Depression: Impact of Stress  

00:50:50 Understanding Biological Mechanism Is Key: Recipes versus Skills  

00:52:50 Tools for Dealing with Depression: Logic & Implementation (Protocol 2)  

00:56:25 Brain Inflammation & Mental State: Cytokines, Prostaglandins, etc.  

00:59:20 Protocol 3: Essential Fatty Acids (Omega-3, EPAs: Eicosapentaenoic Acid)*  

01:02:50 How EPAs Help Offset Depression: Serotonin Synthesis, Kynurenine, Quinolinic Acid  

01:05:25 Protocol 4: How Exercise Offsets Depression  

01:11:44 Protocol 5: Creatine Monohydrate, Forebrain Function & NMDA Receptors*  

01:20:30 Protocol 6*: Ketamine, PCP (*Prescription-Only), & NMDA-Receptor Function  

01:33:08 Protocol 7*: Psychedelics (*In Clinical Trials) for Major Depression: Psilocybin*  

01:47:00 Protocol 8: Ketogenic Diet, GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)  

01:54:50 Summary of Protocols Covered  

02:00:10 Support & Additional Resources  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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This episode I interview Dr. Anna Lembke, M.D., Chief of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic at Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Lembke is a psychiatrist expert in treating addictions of all kinds: drugs, alcohol, food, sex, video games, gambling, food, medication, etc. Dr. Lembke is also an expert in the opioid crisis, and the author of Dopamine Nation.

We discuss the biology and psychology of why people become addicted to certain substances and behaviors and the key role that our "dopamine balance" plays in creating addiction. We also discuss the science and practice of how to conquer addictions, why people relapse and how to avoid relapsing. Dr. Lembke also shares her expertise on topics closely related to addiction such as community, shame and lying and she explains why telling the truth—even about the most basic things in daily life, adjusts dopamine levels in our brain.

This episode is an important one for anyone struggling with addictions of any kind, for their friends and families and for health care professionals. It is also for anyone who has defeated addiction and is determined to stay clean. Last but not least, it helps explain why all humans do what we do, and how we can all maintain a healthy sense of pleasure seeking in life.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Dr. Anna Lembke, Addiction Expert  

00:02:42 Disclaimer & Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up  

00:07:00 Dopamine, Happiness & Impulsivity  

00:15:56 What Is Pleasure?  

00:18:20 Addiction, Boredom & Passion for Life  

00:24:00 Pain-Pleasure Balance Controls Addiction  

00:29:10 Dopamine Deficits, Anhedonia  

00:30:47 Are All Addictions the Same?  

00:35:38 Boredom & Anxiety Lead to Creativity  

00:40:35 Finding Your Passion Starts with Boredom & Action Steps  

00:50:05 How to Break an Addiction  

00:55:25 Relapse, Craving & Triggers  

01:07:40 Can People Get Addicted To “Sobriety”?  

01:11:45 Are We All Wired for Addiction?  

01:15:57 Bizarre Addiction  

01:18:14 Recovered Addicts Are Heroes  

01:20:10 Lying, Truth Telling, Guilt & Shame  

01:30:40 Clinical Applications of: Ibogaine, Ayahuasca, Psilocybin & MDMA  

01:40:20 Social Media Addiction  

01:51:25 Narcissism  

01:53:30 Goal Seeking, Success & Surprise  

01:58:10 Reciprocity  

02:01:15 Closing Comments, Resources  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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This episode I discuss our sense of pain and pleasure: where and how they each arise in our mind and body and various ways to control their intensity. I discuss the science of behavioral tools like acupuncture and hypnosis and directed pressure, including the neural circuits they each activate to modulate our experience of pain or pleasure. I also discuss whole body pain, pain "syndromes" and novel pain relief compounds such as Acetyl-L-Carnitine, SAMe and Agmatine. I discuss neuroplasticity of the pain system and the key role that visual perception plays in pain modulation. Finally, I address the link between dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin, with arousal, pleasure and pain. As always, both basic science and various protocols are described.

Note: The description of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) was intentionally simplified and does not include mention of dorsal horn spinal relay neurons, etc. For an excellent full text review of this anatomy and circuits for touch sensing, please see: https://bit.ly/3jH9CPf

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Skin, Pain, Pleasure  

00:01:50 Protocol 1: Maximizing Motivation (with Dopamine & Pleasure)  

00:07:29 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:12:04 Pleasure & Pain, & Skin Sensors  

00:18:13 Sensing Touch with Your Brain: Magnification of Feet, Hands, Lips, Face, Genitals  

00:22:16 Two-Point Discrimination, Dermatomes  

00:28:11 Thoughts & Genes That Make Physical Pain Worse  

00:33:45 Expectations, Anxiety, & Pain Threshold  

00:40:27 Protocol 2: Cold Sensing Is Relative; Getting Into Cold Water  

00:45:22 Protocol 3: Heat Is Absolute  

00:48:10 Injury & Pain  

00:52:04 Protocol 4: Plasticity of Pain: Key Role of Vision  

00:58:08 Sensing Disparate Body Parts As Merged  

01:01:00 Pain “Syndromes”, Psychogenic Fever, “Psychosomatics”  

01:04:40 Fibromyalgia, Naltrexone, Protocol 5: Acetyl-L-Carnitine  

01:12:24 Protocol 6: Agmatine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate  

01:17:27 Acupuncture: Mechanism, Non-Responders, Itch & Inflammation  

01:28:20 Laser Photobiomodulation, Protocol 7: Hypnosis (reveri.com)  

01:30:00 Protocol 8: Pressure-Based Pain Relief, “Gate Theory of Pain (Relief)”  

01:37:53 Redheads & Pain Thresholds, Endogenous Opioids  

01:44:02 Protocol 8: Love & Pain, Dopamine  

01:49:23 Pleasure & Reproduction, Dopamine & Serotonin, Oxytocin  

01:51:40 Protocol 9: PEA, L-Phenylalanine (Precursor to Tyrosine)  

01:55:40 Contextual Control of Pleasure by Autonomic Arousal, Dopamine Baselines  

01:59:40 Pleasure-Pain Balance  

02:01:24 Protocol 10: Controlling Pleasure, Dopamine & Motivation Over Time  

02:06:40 Protocol 11: Immediate, Non-Goal-Directed Pleasure, PAG  

02:08:40 Direction of Touch: Pleasure Versus Pain, Arousal & Touch “Sensitivity”  

02:13:00 Synthesis & How to Conceptualize Pain and Pleasure, Support  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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In this episode, my guest is Dr. Matt Walker, Ph.D., Professor of Neuroscience and Psychology and the Founder & Director of the Center for Human Sleep Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the author of the international best-selling book Why We Sleep and the host of "The Matt Walker Podcast." We discuss the biology of sleep, including its various stages and what specifically happens to those stages when we don't get enough sleep. We also discuss the effects of sunlight, caffeine, alcohol, naps, hormones, exercise, marijuana, sexual activity, and various supplements on sleep. The episode consists of both basic science information and many science-supported actionable tools. 

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Introducing Dr. Matt Walker  

00:02:16 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:06:00 What Is Sleep?  

00:10:20 REM (Rapid Eye Movement) aka 'Paradoxical Sleep'  

00:16:15 Slow Wave Sleep aka 'Deep Sleep'  

00:24:00 Compensating For Lost Sleep  

00:32:20 Waking in the Middle Of The Night  

00:39:48 Uberman (Not Huberman!) Sleep Schedule  

00:42:48 Viewing Morning Sunlight  

00:49:20 Caffeine  

01:07:54 Alcohol  

01:14:30 Growth Hormone & Testosterone  

01:16:14 Emotions, Mental Health & Longevity  

01:20:40 Books vs. Podcasts  

01:21:20 Lunchtime Alcohol  

01:25:00 Marijuana/CBD  

01:36:00 Melatonin  

01:54:14 Magnesium  

01:58:10 Valerian, Kiwi, Tart Cherry, Apigenin  

02:15:00 Tryptophan & Serotonin  

02:19:24 Naps & Non-Sleep-Deep-Rest (NSDR)  

02:28:23 Is It Possible To Get Too Much Sleep?  

02:34:35 Sex, Orgasm, Masturbation, Oxytocin, Relationships  

02:47:30 Unconventional Yet Powerful Sleep Tips  

02:59:10 Connecting to & Learning More from Dr. Walker  

03:04:42 The New Dr. Matt Walker Podcast, Reviews & Support  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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This episode I describe how the organs of the body influence the function and health of our brain and how our brain controls our bodily organs. The conscious awareness of this brain-body dialogue is called interoception. I describe how two factors- mechanical forces (e.g., pressure, pain, volume, etc.) and chemical factors (e.g., gut acidity, microbiome diversity, etc.) combine to influence our moods, control inflammation, immune system, recovery from injury and more. I explain how specific actions of our lungs, heart, spleen, and diaphragm, control our brain via the vagus nerve and other neural pathways. I describe 11 science-supported protocols for enhancing brain-body health and the logic behind them.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Your Sense of Self: Interoception  

00:01:25 Protocol 1: Fermented Foods, Not Fiber, to Reduce Inflammation  

00:03:45 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:08:22 Main Drivers of Feelings & Performance  

00:11:45 Brain-Body: A Mechanical & Chemical Dialogue  

00:17:50 LDB (Lung-Diaphragm-Brain) Dialogue  

00:21:00 Protocols 2, 3, 4: Control Heart Rate With Breathing  

00:29:08 Sensing Lung Pressure: Piezo Receptors  

00:30:54 Carbon Dioxide, From Air to Blood  

00:34:02 Protocol 5: Alert While Calm  

00:40:50 Baroreceptors: Hering-Breuer Reflex  

00:42:47 Gut Volume & The Desire to Open Your Mouth  

00:48:18 Protocol 6: Enhancing Gut-To-Brain Communication, Fasting  

00:51:50 Intestines, Fatty Acids, Amino Acids & Sugar  

00:57:00 Protocol 7: Reducing Sugar Cravings with Specific Amino Acid Nutrients  

00:58:58 Gut Acidity (Is Good)  

01:02:20 Improving Nasal Microbiome  

01:04:13 Inflammation & Microbiome: Fiber vs. Fermented  

01:11:15 Protocol 8: Reducing Inflammation & Enhancing Brain Function w/Fermented Foods  

01:13:10 Leaking Guts, Auto-Immune Function & Glutamine  

01:15:50 Gut Acidity: HCl (hydrochloric acid), Pepsin  

01:18:30 Probiotics & Brain Fog  

01:21:45 Nausea: Happens in Your Brain; Area Postrema  

01:28:25 Protocol 9: Reducing Nausea: Ginger, Peppermint, CBD, etc.  

01:30:40 Fever: Triggers and Control Knobs: OVLT  

01:37:00 Protocol 10: Cooling the Blood Properly  

01:38:53 Sensing Feelings, Vagus Nerve, Stress  

01:41:50 Mental Emotions Reflect Bodily Conditions  

01:45:00 Sensing Other People’s Emotions via the Body  

01:46:00 Protocol 11: Increasing Interoception, Sensing Heartbeat  

01:50:40 Conclusions & Resources  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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Dr. Lex Fridman Ph.D., is a scientist at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), working on robotics, artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and human-robot interactions. He is also the host of the Lex Fridman Podcast where he holds conversations with academics, entrepreneurs, athletes and creatives. Here we discuss humans, robots, and the capacity they hold for friendship and love. Dr. Fridman also shares with us his unique dream for a world where robots guide humans to be the best versions of themselves, and his efforts to make that dream a reality. 

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Introduction: Lex Fridman  

00:02:29 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up  

00:07:35 What is Artificial Intelligence?  

00:26:46 Machine & Human Learning  

00:32:21 Curiosity  

00:36:55 Story Telling Robots  

00:40:48 What Defines a Robot?  

00:44:30 Magic & Surprise  

00:47:37 How Robots Change Us  

00:49:35 Relationships Defined  

01:02:29 Lex’s Dream for Humanity  

01:11:33 Improving Social Media  

01:16:57 Challenges of Creativity  

01:21:49 Suits & Dresses  

01:22:22 Loneliness  

01:30:09 Empathy  

01:35:12 Power Dynamics In Relationships  

01:39:11 Robot Rights  

01:40:20 Dogs: Homer & Costello  

01:52:41 Friendship  

01:59:47 Russians & Suffering  

02:05:38 Public vs. Private Life  

02:14:04 How To Treat a Robot  

02:17:12 The Value of Friendship  

02:20:33 Martial Arts  

02:31:34 Body-Mind Interactions  

02:33:22 Romantic Love  

02:42:51 The Lex Fridman Podcast  

02:55:54 The Hedgehog  

03:01:17 Concluding Statements  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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In this episode, I discuss science-supported tools for enhancing focus, learning, creativity, sleep, physical strength and endurance and brain and body health. I explain each protocol in detail, the rationale behind it, and how the protocol can be adjusted depending on individual needs. I set these tools in the context of a 24-hour day as a way of framing how one might incorporate these tools and protocols into their own daily routine.

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Introduction: Protocols for sleep, mood, focus, exercise creativity  

00:04:23 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:08:50 Protocol 1: Record Your Daily Waking Time & Temperature Minimum  

00:12:07 Protocol 2: Self-Generate Forward Motion (Outdoors)  

00:17:00 Protocol 3: View Natural Light For 10-30min Every Morning  

00:22:43 What To Do If You Can’t View The Sun: Blue Light  

00:26:50 Protocol 4: Hydrate Correctly  

00:28:00 Protocol 5: Delay Caffeine 90-120m After Waking  

00:30:48 Protocol 6: Fast (or Fat-Fast) Until Noon  

00:32:30 What Actually Breaks A Fast & What Doesn’t?  

00:34:30 Fat Loss & Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP1), Yerba Mate, Guayusa Tea  

00:37:30 Protocol 7: Optimize Deep Work: Visual Elevation, Ultradian Cycles, White Noise  

00:48:30 Optimal Time of Day To Do Hard Mental Work  

00:52:07 Protocol 8: Optimal Exercise; 3:2 Ratio  

01:03:54 Tools for Training & Mental Focus: Fasting, Salt, Stimulants, Alpha-GPC  

01:10:00 Protocol 9: Eat For Brain Function & Mood  

01:17:39 Protocol 10: Get Your Testosterone & Estrogen In An Ideal Range  

01:24:00 Protocol 11: Reset the Mind & Body, Enhance Neuroplasticity, Reveri.com  

01:31:15 Protocol 12: Hydrate Correctly, Nap Rules  

01:33:29 Protocol 13: View Late Afternoon/Evening Light To Support Sleep & Dopamine  

01:39:00 Protocol 14: Eat Dinner That Promotes Serotonin, Calm Sleep  

01:44:27 Protocol 15: Optimize Falling & Staying Asleep; Tools & Supplements That Work  

01:55:00 Protocol 16: Preventing Middle of the Night Waking  

01:59:10 Protocol 17: Weekends, Recovering From A Poor Nights Sleep  

02:05:20 Neural Network, Supplement Sources, Sponsors  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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This episode I describe how our ears and nervous system decode sound waves and gravity to allow us to hear and make sense of sounds. I also describe protocols for rapid learning of sound and other types of information. I discuss sound localization, doppler effects (sound motion), pitch perception and how we isolate sounds in noisy environments. I also review the scientific findings on binaural beats and white noise and how they can improve learning. Other topics and protocols include tinnitus, sea sickness, ear movement, ear growth and the science-supported ways we can all accelerate learning using "gap effects".

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Overview of Topics  

00:02:20 Protocol: New Data for Rapid Learning  

00:09:10 Introduction: Hearing & Balance  

00:09:30 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:13:53 How We Perceive Sounds  

00:21:56 Your Hearing Brain (Areas)  

00:23:48 Localizing Sounds  

00:28:00 Ear Movement: What It Means  

00:33:00 Your Ears (Likely) Make Sounds: Role of Hormones, Sexual Orientation  

00:35:30 Binaural Beats: Do They Work?  

00:43:54 White Noise Can Enhance Learning & Dopamine  

00:51:00 Headphones  

00:55:51 White Noise During Development: Possibly Harmful  

01:03:25 Remembering Information, & The Cocktail Party Effect  

01:12:55 How to Learn Information You Hear  

01:18:10 Doppler  

01:22:43 Tinnitus: What Has Been Found To Help?  

01:30:40 Aging: How Big Are Your Ears?  

01:35:00 Balance: Semi-Circular Canals  

01:40:35 A Vestibular Experiment  

01:43:15 Improve Your Sense of Balance  

01:48:55 Accelerating Balance  

01:51:55 Self-Generated Forward Motion  

01:56:25 Dizzy versus Light-Headed  

01:58:38 Motion Sickness Solution  

02:01:23 Synthesis  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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Dr. Karl Deisseroth, MD, PhD, is a clinical psychiatrist and scientist who directs a bioengineering research laboratory at Stanford University School of Medicine. His work aims to understand and develop treatments for disorders of the mind such as depression, attention deficit disorders (ADHD & ADD), autism, schizophrenia, anxiety, eating disorders, borderline personality and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We discuss his experience treating his patients and his laboratory’s mission to find and develop cures for mental disease and tools for probing how the brain works. 

Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.

AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman

LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab

Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman

Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman

00:00:00 Introduction  

00:03:47 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up

00:07:41 Using Language to Understand the Mind  

00:12:19 Blood Tests For Mental Disease  

00:13:38 The Largest Challenges Facing Treatment of Mental Health  

00:20:21 Predicting Depression & Suicide  

00:22:47 Drugs That Work for Brain Illness  

00:27:01 What Would A Cure For the Broken Mind Look Like?  

00:32:23 Channelopsins: Tools For Understanding & Treating the Mind  

00:39:10 Curing Blindness with Channelopsins  

00:41:58 Why Karl Became a Scientist  

00:47:10 Vagus Nerve In Depression  

00:54:12 Challenges To Overcome for Treating Mental Illness with Channelopsins  

00:58:34 Using the Dialogue with Patients to Guide Treatment  

01:00:52 How Our Eyes Reveal Our Mental Health  

01:06:04 Controlling Structures Deep In the Brain  

01:08:23 The Most Effective Drugs Often Have the Most Side Effects  

01:09:50 Do Psychiatrists Take the Drugs They Prescribe  

01:14:15 Moving From Experimental Tools To Novel Treatments  

01:16:00 Brain-Machine Interfaces & Neuralink  

01:19:30 ADHD & Dr. Deisseroth’s Approach To Focusing His Mind  

01:26:36 How Dr. Deisseroth Balances A Career In Medicine, Science & Family  

01:35:41 New Ways of Exploring Brains: CLARITY  

01:38:49 What Is Special About the Human Brain?  

01:46:03 Psychedelics  

01:54:12 MDMA  

01:57:15 Dr. Deisseroth’s New Book “Projections: A Story of Emotions”  

01:59:42 Connecting with Dr. Deisseroth on Twitter  

Disclaimer & Disclosures

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